Chapter 12

Question 1

Cells Grow and Develop

Why?

Answer 1

Eventually all cells stop growing and split

Bigger a cell is the harder it is to move material

DNA has trouble meeting the demands of a large cell

Question 2

Cell Division

Answer 2

Process where a single cell divides into two new cells

Each cell is called a daughter cell

Each new cell is identical version of the original cell

Question 3

Types of asexual reproduction

Answer 3

Binary Fission(main one)
Budding
Vegetative Propagation/Reproduction
Spore Formation
Fragmentation

Question 4

Asexual Reproduction prokaryotes

Answer 4

Production of identical offspring from a single parent

Question 5

Asexual Reproduction prokaryotes (Pros)

Answer 5

Simple, quick, and effective

Lowered chance of genetic disorders

Popular with prokaryotic organisms, present in some eukaryotes

Question 6

Asexual Reproduction prokaryotes (Cons)

Answer 6

Low genetic diversity, subject to extinction

Question 7

Sexual Reproduction

Answer 7

Fusion of reproductive cells from two parents (egg + sperm)

Genetic information comes from two parents

Most animals, plants, and single-celled organisms reproduce sexually

Question 8

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDK’s)

Answer 8

Cyclin can be found at varied levels throughout the cell cycle

Cyclins interact with kinases activating them

Phosphorylation of target proteins allows progression in the cell cycle

Question 9

Interphase

Answer 9

Purpose of interphase is preparation for the cell to be split

Consists of copying DNA and growing of cell

Question 10

4 parts of interphase

Answer 10

G0 - cells are not actively dividing are discarded

G1- cells prepares to copy DNA

S phase - DNA Molecules are copied from parent cell (involves synthesis of DNA)

G2 - Preparations for mitosis, dysfunctional cells/genetic material discarded

Question 11

Interphase ensures mitotic division runs smoothly

Answer 11

Cells with serious issues or mutations are identified and usually programmed for cell death, apoptosis

Question 12

Cancer - A corrupt cell cycle

Answer 12

Tumor from cells in connective tissue (muscle, fat), bone, or muscle are known as sarcomas

Tumor cells from epithelial tissue (skin, lying of lung) are called carcinomas

Question 13

Mitosis

Answer 13

The purpose of mitosis is to divide the nucleus

Results in identical somatic cells

Question 14

Prophase

Answer 14

Nucleus condenses and chromosomes become visible; the spindle begins to form

Question 15

Prometaphase

Answer 15

Key stages are PMAT

Prometaphase is a transitory stage

Nuclear envelope breaks down, mitotic spindle attaches to chromosome

Attachment should be symmetrical for proper chromosome movement

Question 16

Metaphase (M for middle)

Answer 16

Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell

Question 17

Anaphase

Answer 17

Chromosomes move toward opposite poles

Question 18

Telophase

Answer 18

Cell begins to divide into daughter cells