Chapter 13

Question 1

Homologous Chromosomes

Answer 1

Chromosomes correspond to each other

Information at each point is compatible with the other

Similar in size and shape

Question 2

Diploid vs Haploid

Answer 2

Diploid - Two complete sets of chromosomes 2n (Ex skin cells)

Haploid-Half of a set of chromosomes n
Ex Sex cells (before fusion)

Question 3

Meiosis

Answer 3

Process used to make haploid cells

Involves two phases of division- Meiosis I and Meiosis II

Result- 4 haploid cells

Question 4

Sex Cells vs Somatic Cells

Meiosis

Answer 4

Sex chromosomes- determine whether an individual is male or female

X and Y

Make up the final pair in a karyotype (#23)

One from each parent Made in meiosis

Question 5

Sex Cells vs Somatic Cells

Mitosis

Answer 5

Somatic chromosomes- all other chromosomes

Code for traits like eye color, skin color, dimples, etc.

Make up the first 22 pairs in a karyotype

Made in mitosis

Question 6

Interphase

Answer 6

Similar to interphase in mitosis, 3 periods G1, S, and G2

Growth

DNA Synthesis

Further growth and quality check

Question 7

Meiosis I-Prophase: 1

Answer 7

Goal of Meiosis 1 is to separate your homologous pairs

During prophase 1 each replicated chromosome pairs with its matching chromosomes

Crossing over takes place, pieces of non sister chromatids get swapped

Question 8

Metaphase I

Answer 8

Pairs of homologous chromosomes line to the center of the cell

Question 9

Anaphase I

Answer 9

Spindle fibers pull homologous away from the center of the cell

Question 10

Cytokinesis

Answer 10

Chromosomes cluster at opposite ends while a nuclear membrane forms over each

(These are not homologous) Cytokinesis finishes Meiosis I

Result- two new cells with 2 chromosomes in each

Question 11

Meiosis II

Answer 11

There is no interphase or cell replication that takes place in between

Goal of Meiosis II is to separate sister chromatids

Question 12

Prophase II

Answer 12

Chromosomes become visible, spindle fibers lengthen

Question 13

Metaphase II

Answer 13

Chromosomes (Last time not homologous at this point) line up in the middle

Question 14

Anaphase II

Answer 14

Chromosomes are pulled apart

Leaves you with sister chromatids at opposite poles

Question 15

Telophase II and Cytokinesis

Answer 15

Nuclear Membrane reforms, spindle fiber disappears

Splits cytoplasm of each cell

Result: Four genetically different haploid daughter cells

Question 16

Now What?

Answer 16

Each haploid cell matures over time for use in sexual reproduction

Male-Sperm

Female-Egg Cells