Exam 3 full

Question 1

What happens to all cells eventually?

Answer 1

All cells stop growing and split

This is due to size limitations affecting material movement and DNA demands.

Question 2

What is cell division?

Answer 2

Process where a single cell divides into two new cells, called daughter cells

Each new cell is an identical version of the original cell.

Question 3

What are the main types of asexual reproduction?

Answer 3

• Binary Fission
• Budding
• Vegetative Propagation/Reproduction
• Spore Formation
• Fragmentation

Question 4

What are the pros of asexual reproduction?

Answer 4

• Simple
• Quick
• Effective
• Lowered chance of genetic disorders

Question 5

What are the cons of asexual reproduction?

Answer 5

Low genetic diversity, subject to extinction

Question 6

What is sexual reproduction?

Answer 6

Fusion of reproductive cells from two parents (egg + sperm)

Genetic information comes from both parents.

Question 7

What are Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs)?

Answer 7

Cyclins interact with kinases activating them, allowing progression in the cell cycle.

Question 8

What is the purpose of interphase?

Answer 8

Preparation for the cell to be split, consisting of copying DNA and cell growth.

Question 9

What are the four parts of interphase?

Answer 9

• G0: Cells are not actively dividing
• G1: Cells prepare to copy DNA
• S phase: DNA molecules are copied
• G2: Preparations for mitosis

Question 10

What is the relationship between interphase and mitosis?

Answer 10

Interphase ensures mitotic division runs smoothly by identifying dysfunctional cells.

Question 11

What is cancer in relation to the cell cycle?

Answer 11

A corrupt cell cycle leading to uncontrolled cell division.

Question 12

What is a tumor from connective tissue called?

Answer 12

Sarcoma

Question 13

What is the purpose of mitosis?

Answer 13

To divide the nucleus, resulting in identical somatic cells.

Question 14

What occurs during prophase?

Answer 14

Nucleus condenses, chromosomes become visible, and spindle begins to form.

Question 15

What happens during prometaphase?

Answer 15

Nuclear envelope breaks down, mitotic spindle attaches to chromosomes.

Question 16

During which phase do chromosomes line up at the center of the cell?

Answer 16

Metaphase

Question 17

What occurs during anaphase?

Answer 17

Chromosomes move toward opposite poles.

Question 18

What happens during telophase?

Answer 18

Cell begins to divide into daughter cells.

Question 19

What are homologous chromosomes?

Answer 19

Chromosomes that correspond to each other, similar in size and shape.

Question 20

What is the difference between diploid and haploid?

Answer 20

• Diploid: Two complete sets of chromosomes (2n)
• Haploid: Half of a set of chromosomes (n)

Question 21

What is meiosis?

Answer 21

Process used to make haploid cells, involving two phases of division.

Question 22

What is the result of meiosis?

Answer 22

4 haploid cells

Question 23

What are sex cells and somatic cells?

Answer 23

• Sex cells: Made in meiosis, determine sex (X and Y)
• Somatic cells: Made in mitosis, code for traits

Question 24

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

Answer 24

DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN

Question 25

What are nucleic acids composed of?

Answer 25

* Hydrogen * Oxygen * Nitrogen * Carbon * Phosphorous

Question 26

What is the structure of a nucleotide?

Answer 26

* Nitrogenous Base * Phosphate group * Sugar (deoxy or ribose)

Question 27

What are the two types of bases in nucleic acids?

Answer 27

* Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (RNA only) * Purines: Guanine, Adenine

Question 28

What is the difference between DNA and RNA structure?

Answer 28

* RNA: Hydroxide attached to carbon at 2 prime * DNA: Hydrogen attached to carbon at 2 prime

Question 29

What is the purpose of DNA replication?

Answer 29

To replicate or make copies of DNA.

Question 30

What is the semiconservative model of DNA replication?

Answer 30

One parent strand and one new strand are formed.

Question 31

What is the role of DNA polymerase?

Answer 31

Makes copies of DNA and carries out DNA replication.

Question 32

What are leading and lagging strands?

Answer 32

Leading strand is synthesized continuously; lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in fragments.

Question 33

What does DNA ligase do?

Answer 33

Binds loose DNA fragments together by catalyzing bonds.

Question 34

What is transcription?

Answer 34

Process where RNA is synthesized from a DNA template.

Question 35

What are the stages of transcription?

Answer 35

* Initiation * Elongation * Termination

Question 36

What are promoters in transcription?

Answer 36

Sequences of DNA where RNA polymerase attaches.

Question 37

What is gene regulation?

Answer 37

Process by which genes are turned on and off.

Question 38

What is the role of ribosomes in translation?

Answer 38

Site of protein synthesis, organizing and binding mRNA.

Question 39

What are the steps of translation?

Answer 39

* Initiation * Elongation * Termination

Question 40

What are post-translational modifications (PTMs)?

Answer 40

Alterations to proteins that can affect cell phenotype.

Question 41

What is differentiation in cellular development?

Answer 41

Process where cells become more specialized.

Question 42

What are stem cells?

Answer 42

* Totipotent * Pluripotent * Multipotent

Question 43

What are point mutations?

Answer 43

Small-scale mutations that may or may not lead to large-scale effects.

Question 44

What is polyploidy?

Answer 44

Having more than two sets of chromosomes.

Question 45

What are mutagens?

Answer 45

Agents that damage DNA, increasing mutation chance.

Question 46

How do mutations contribute to genetic variation?

Answer 46

Mutations can lead to more variety in traits within populations.