Chapter 12 - Blood

Question 1

Specialized connective tissue consisting of cells and plasma

Answer 1

Blood

Question 2

Pale yellow liquid that contains growth factors and other proteins released from platelets during clot formation

Answer 2

Serum

Question 3

A volume of a tube of blood after centrifugation has nearly half of its volume are presented by erythrocytes in the bottom half of the tube

Answer 3

Hematocrit

Question 4

A thin layer of leukocytes and platelets in between the sedimented erythrocytes and the supernatant light colored plasma

Answer 4

Buffy Coat

Question 5

The solvent in which formed elements or suspended and proteins and solutes are dissolved. 92% of plasma

Answer 5

Water

Question 6

All proteins serve to buffer against pH changes. 7% of plasma

Answer 6

Plasma Protein

Question 7

Exerts osmotic force to retain fluid with in the microvasculature. contributes to bloods viscosity. binds and transports some fatty acid‘s electrolytes, hormones, and drugs. 58% of plasma proteins

Answer 7

Albumin

Question 8

Made by liver and other cells include transferring and other transport factors; fibronectin; prothrombin and other coagulation factors; lipoproteins and other proteins entering blood from tissues. 37% of plasma proteins

Answer 8

Globulin

Question 9

Transport lipids and some metal ions

Answer 9

Alpha Globulin

Question 10

Transport iron, ions, and lipids in bloodstream

Answer 10

Beta Globulin

Question 11

Antibodies with various immune functions

Answer 11

Gamma Globulin

Question 12

Consists of enzymes, proenzymes, hormones, and the compliment system. Less than 1% of plasma proteins

Answer 12

Regulatory proteins

Question 13

Help establish and maintain membrane potentials, maintain pH balance, and regulate osmosis. Examples: sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, iron, bicarbonate,and hydrogen

Answer 13

Electrolytes

Question 14

Energy source; precursor for synthesizing other molecules. Examples: amino acids, glucose, cholesterol, vitamins, and fatty acid

Answer 14

Nutrients

Question 15

Serve no function in the blood plasma. They are merely being transported to the liver and kidneys where they can be removed from the blood

Answer 15

Waste products

Question 16

Condition of having a concentration of erythrocytes below the normal range

Answer 16

Anemia

Question 17

Terminally differentiated structures lacking nuclear and completely filled with the oxygen carrying protein hemoglobin. Are the only blood cells whose function does not require them to leave the vasculature.

Answer 17

Erythrocytes

Question 18

Provides a large surface to volume ratio and facilitates gas exchange

Answer 18

Biconcave shape

Question 19

Loose stocks in where large blood vessels RBCs may adhere to one another

Answer 19

Rouleaux

Question 20

Best known membrane of any cell. Consists of about 40% lipid, 10% carbohydrates, and 50% protein

Answer 20

Erythrocyte Plasmalemma

Question 21

nucleus: 3 to 5 lobes
specific granules:  Faint or light pink
differential count: 50% to 70%
Life span: 1 to 4 days
Major functions:  kill and phagocytose bacteria

Answer 21

Neutrophil

Question 22

nucleus: bilobed
specific granules: Red or dark pink
differential count : 1% to 4%
Life span:  1 to 2 weeks
major functions: kill helminthic and other parasites; modulate local inflammation

Answer 22

Eosinophils

Question 23

nucleus: bilobed or S shaped
specific granules: Dark purple and blue
Differential count: 0.5% to 1%
lifespan: Several months
major functions: Modulate inflammation, release histamine during allergy

Answer 23

Basophils

Question 24

nucleus: rather spherical
specific granules: None
Differential count: 20% to 40%
lifespan: hours to many years
Major functions: Effector and regulatory so for adaptive immunity

Answer 24

Lymphocytes

Question 25

Tetramic oxygen carrying protein that accounts for the cell's uniform acidophilia

Answer 25

Hemoglobin

Question 26

Have polymorphic nuclei with two or more distinct lobes

Answer 26

Granulocytes

Question 27

Lack specific granules and its nucleus is spherical, but not lobulated

Answer 27

Agranulocytes

Question 28

The passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation

Answer 28

Diapedesis

Question 29

Generates hypochlorite and other agents toxic to bacteria

Answer 29

Myeloperoxidases

Question 30

Degrades components of bacterial cell walls

Answer 30

Lysozyme

Question 31

Small cysteine-rich proteins that bind and disrupt the cell membranes of many types of bacteria and other microorganisms

Answer 31

Defensins

Question 32

Arginine-rich factor that accounts for the granule's acidophilia and constitutes up to 50% of the total granule protein

Answer 32

Major Basic Proteins (MBP)

Question 33

Together with other sulfated GAGs, they are responsible for the strong basophilia of specific granules in basophilia

Answer 33

Heparin

Question 34

Very small non-nucleated, membrane-bound cell fragments; only 2-4 micrometer in diameter; promote blood clotting and help repair minor tear or leaks in the walls of small blood vessels Normal Count: 150,000 - 400,000 micro Liter

Answer 34

Platelet

Question 35

Lightly stained peripheral zone

Answer 35

Hyalomere

Question 36

Darkly stained central zone rich in granules

Answer 36

Granulomere

Question 37

Microtubles and microfilaments that help maintain the platelet's shape

Answer 37

Marginal Bundle

Question 38

Connected to invaginations of the plasma membrane, which may facilitate platelet's uptake of factors from plasma

Answer 38

Open Canalicular System

Question 39

250-300 nm in diameter; contain ADP, ATP, and serotonin

Answer 39

Delta Granules

Question 40

300-500 nm in diameter; contain PDGF, platelet fatcor 4, and other platelet-specific proteins

Answer 40

Alpha Granules

Question 41

Proteolytic enzyme that dissolves blood clot

Answer 41

Plasmin

Question 42

Which biochemical component of eythrocyte cell surface is primarily responsible for determining blood type? a. Fatty acid b. Carbohydrate c. Nucleic acid d. Protein

Answer 42

Carbohydrate

Question 43

What cell in circulating blood is the precursor to microglia and most antigen-presenting cells a. eosinophil b. basophil c. lymphocyte d. monocyte

Answer 43

Monocyte

Question 44

What is the approximate life span of a circulating erythrocyte? a. 8 days b. 20 days c. 5 weeks d. 4 months

Answer 44

4 months

Question 45

Which cell type has cytoplasmic granules that contain heparin and histamine? a. Eosinophils b. Basophils c. Lymphocytes d. Monocytes

Answer 45

Basophils

Question 46

A differential cell count of a blood smear from a patient with a parasitic infection is likely to reveal an increase in the circulating numbers of which cell type? a. Neutrophils b. Lymphocytes c. Basophils d. Eosinophils

Answer 46

Eosinophils

Question 47

Which of the ff blood cells differentiate outside the bone marrow? a. Neutrophils b. Basophils c. Eosinophils d. T Lymphocytes

Answer 47

T Lymphocytes

Question 48

Examination of a normal peripheral blood smear reveals a cell more than twice the diameter of an erythrocyte with a kidney-shaped nucleus. The cells are < 10% of the total leukocytes. Which f the ff cell types is being described? a. Monocyte b. Basophil c. Eosinophil d. Neutrophil

Answer 48

Monocyte