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ANPH 209 > Chapter 12 nervous tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 12 nervous tissue Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the PNS?

A
  1. cranial nerves
  2. spinal nerves
  3. Enteric plexuses in small intestine
  4. sensory receptors in skin
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3
Q

What is the sensory function of the nervous system?

A

Detect changes through sensory receptors

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4
Q

What is the integrative function of the nervous system?

A

Analyze incoming sensory information, store some aspects, and make decisions regarding appropriate behaviors

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5
Q

What is the motor functions of the nervous system?

A

Respond to stimuli via effectors

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6
Q

What are some aspects of neurons?

A
  1. electrically excitable
  2. nerve impulse is called action potential
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7
Q

What are the cellular structures of the neuron ?

A
  1. cell body
  2. dendrites
  3. axon
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8
Q

Neurons can be classified based on the number of what?

A

Processes extending from the cell body

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9
Q

Neurons can be classified based on what?

A

Direction of nerve impulse propagation

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10
Q

What are three types of neurons?

A
  1. sensory/ afferent neurons
  2. Motor/ efferent neurons
  3. Interneurons/ association neurons
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11
Q

What does the sensory/ afferent neurons do?

A

Conveys information to the CNS

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12
Q

What do Motor/ efferent neurons do?

A

Convey action potential from the CNS

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13
Q

What does interneurons/ association neurons do?

A

Process sensory information and elicit motor response

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14
Q

What are neuroglia?

A
  1. not electrically excitable
  2. make up about half the volume of the nervous system
  3. can multiply and divide
  4. 6 kinds total (4 in CNS, 2 in PNS)
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15
Q

Electrical cells communicate with each other how?

A

Action potentials or graded potentials

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16
Q

Action potentials allow communications over what kind of distances?

A

Short and long distances

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17
Q

Graded potentials allow for communications over what distance?

A

Short distance only

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18
Q

Production of an AP or GP depends on what ?

A

The existence of a resting membrane potential and the existence of certain ion channels

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19
Q

What are leak channels?

A

They alternate between open and closed

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20
Q

Between K channels and Na channels which one is more numerous?

A

K are more numerous than Na+ channels

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21
Q

What are ligand-gated channels?

A

Channels that respond to chemical stimuli (ligand binds to receptor)

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22
Q

Mechanically gated channels respond to what?

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A

Mechanical or pressure stimuli

23
Q

Voltage gated channels respond to what?

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A

Direct changes in membrane potential

24
Q

Where are leak channels located?

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A

Nearly all cells, and dendrites, cells bodies, and axons of all types of neurons

25
Where are ligand- gated channels located?
Dendrites of some sensory neurons such as pain receptors and dendrites and cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons
26
Where are mechanically gated channels located?
Dendrites of some sensory neurons such as touch receptors, pressure receptors, and some pain receptors
27
Where are voltage-gated channels located?
Axons of all types of neurons
28
What happens during resting membrane potential
Electrical potential between the extracellular fluid and the cytosol is the same
29
What are action potentials?
sequence of rapidly occurring events that decrease and eventually reverse the membrane potential and eventually restore it to the resting state
30
What are the two phases of action potentials?
1. depolarization 2. Repolarization
31
What is the depolarizing phase?
When membrane potential of axon reaches threshold, the NA channel activation gates open. As Na ions move through these channels into the neuron, a buildup of positive charges forms along inside surface of membrane and the membrane becomes depolarized
32
What is the repolarizing phase?
Na channel inactivation gates close and K channels open. The membrane starts to become repolarized as some K ions leave the neuron and a few negative charges begin to build up along the inside surface of the membrane
33
Where does graded potentials originate?
Mainly in dendrites of cell bodies
34
What types of channels do graded potentials have?
ligand-gated or mechanically gated ion channels
35
What kind of conduction does graded potentials have?
Decremental, permit communication over short distances
36
What does the amplitude of graded potentials look?
Depending on strength of stimulus, varies from less then 1mv to more then 50 mv
37
What is the duration of graded potentials?
typically longer, ranging from several milliseconds to several minutes
38
What is the polarity of graded potentials?
May be hyperpolarizing or depolarizing
39
What is the refractory period of graded potentials?
Not present; summation can occur
40
What is origin of nerve impulses?
Arise at trigger zones and propagate along axon
41
What are the types of channels in nerve impulses?
Voltage gated channels for Na+ and K+
42
What is the conduction of nerve impulses?
Propagate and thus permit communication over longer distances
43
What is the amplitude of nerve impulses?
All or none; typically about 100mv
44
What is the duration of nerve impulses?
Shorter, ranging from 0.5 to 2 msec
45
What is the polarity of nerve impulses?
Always consist of depolarizing phases followed by repolarizing phase and return to resting potential
46
What is the refractory period of nerve impulses?
Present; summation cannot occur
47
In order for communication to occur from one body part to another what must happen?
Action potentials must travel from where they arise at the trigger zone to the axon terminals
48
Action potentials do not die out, why?
They keep their strength as they spread across the membrane of a neuron
49
What affects propagation speed?
1. Axon diameter 2. amount of myelination 3. temperature
50
A synapse is the junction between what?
Neurons or between neuron and an effector
51
What is an electrical synapse?
They are gap junctions which connect cells and allow the transfer of information to synchronize the activity of a group of cells
52
What is a chemical synapse?
One way transfer of information from a presynaptic neuron to a post synaptic neuron
53
What are some small molecule neurotransmitter?
1. Acetylcholine 2. Biogenic amines
54
What are three types of biogenic amines?
1. Norepinephrine 2. Dopamine 3. Serotonin

ANPH 209 (22 decks)

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