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ANPH 209 > Chapter 16/17 Special Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 16/17 Special Senses Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

What is sensation?

A

The conscious or subconscious awareness of change in the external or internal environment

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

The conscious interpretation of sensations performed mainly by the cerebral cortex

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3
Q

What is a sensory modality?

A

each type of sensation.
1. touch
2. pain
3. vision
4. hearing

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4
Q

Sensory modalities are grouped into what?

A

Either general senses or special senses

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5
Q

What are general senses?

A

Somatic or visceral

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6
Q

What are somatic senses?

A

Tactile, thermal or proprioceptive

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7
Q

What are visceral senses?

A

Pressure, chemicals, stretch, nausea, hunger, temperature

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8
Q

What are some of the special senses?

A

Smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium

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9
Q

Different types of what are used in the different senses?

A

Sensory receptors

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10
Q

What kind of sense is smell?

A

Chemical sense

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11
Q

The human nose contains how many receptors for smell

A

10 to 100 million

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12
Q

Where is the sense of smell located?

A

Olfactory epithelium of the superior part of the nasal cavity

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13
Q

The olfactory epithelium covers what surface?

A

The inferior surface of the cribriform plate (of the ethmoid bone of the skull) and extends along the superior nasal concha

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of olfactory cells?

A
  1. Olfactory receptor cells
  2. Supporting cells
  3. Basal cells
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15
Q

What are the supporting cells (columnar epithelium) in the nose?

A

Located in the mucous membrane lining the nose and used for physical support, nourishment and electrical insulation of olfactory receptor cells

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16
Q

What do basal stem cells do?

A

They undergo mitosis to replace olfactory receptor cells

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17
Q

What are olfactory glands (bowman’s glands):

A

They produce mucus that is used to dissolve odor molecules so that transduction may occur

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18
Q

How do the nasal mucosa send impulses along branches of olfactory nerves?

A
  1. through the cribriform plate
  2. synapse with the olfactory bulb
  3. Impulses travel along the olfactory tract
  4. Interpretation in the primary olfactory area in the cerebral cortex (temporal lobe)
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19
Q

What is olfactory transduction?

A

The binding of an odorant molecule to an olfactory receptor protein

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20
Q

How does Olfactory transduction work?

A
  1. Chemical reactions involving cyclic AMP (cAMP) cause depolarization
  2. Action potential travels to the primary olfactory area
  3. Impulse travels to the frontal lobe (orbitofrontal area) for odor identification
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21
Q

Taste is what kind of sense?

A

Chemical, but is simpler then olfactory

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22
Q

What are the five primary tastes?

A
  1. sour
  2. sweet
  3. bitter
  4. salt
  5. umami (meaty, savory, and usually a combination of the other four senses)
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23
Q

What are taste buds?

A

Receptors for the sensation of taste

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24
Q

How many taste buds are found on the tongue?

A

~ 10,000

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25
Taste buds come contain what three kinds of epithelial cells?
1. support cells 2. gustatory receptor cells 3. basal stem cells
26
Where can taste buds be found?
tongue, soft palate, pharynx, and epiglottis
27
What are papillae?
Elevations on the tongue where taste buds are located
28
What are the fourtypes of papillae?
1. vallate papillae 2. fungiform papillae 3. foliate papillae 4. Filiform papillae
29
What are vallate papillae?
About 12 that contain 100-300 taste buds
30
What are fungiform papillae?
Scattered over the tongue with about 5 taste buds each
31
What are foliate papillae?
located in the lateral trenches of the tongue
32
What are filiform papillae?
They cover the entire surface of the tongue, and they 1. Contain tactile receptors but not taste buds 2. increased friction to make it easier for the tongue to move food within the mouth
33
What are the three cranial nerves that are involved in the sense of taste?
1. facial (VII) nerve 2. glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve 3. Vagus (X) nerve
34
What is the facial (VII) nerve?
Carries taste information form the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
35
What does the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve?
Carries taste information from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
36
What is the vagus (X) nerve?
Carries taste information from taste buds on the epiglottis and in the throat
37
What is vision?
When we use visible light which is part of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths from about 400 to 700 nm
38
What is a wavelength?
The distance between two consecutive peaks of an electromagnetic wave
39
What are the accessory structures of the eyes?
1. Eyelids 2. Eyelashes 3. Eyebrows 4. Lacrimal apparatus 5. extrinsic eye muscles
40
What are the palpebral muscles?
Control eye movement
41
What are extrinsic eye muscles responsible for?
Responsible for moving the eyeball itself in all directions
42
What is the conjunctiva?
Thin, protective mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the sclera
43
What is the tarsal plate?
A fold of connective tissue that gives form to the eyelids
44
What structure contains a row of sebaceous glands that keeps the eyelids from sticking to each other?
The tarsal plate
45
Why can the eye move in almost any direction?
It can due to the six extrinsic eye muscles.
46
What are the six extrinsic eye muscles?
1. superior rectus 2. inferior rectus 3. lateral rectus 4. medial rectus 5. superior oblique 6. inferior oblique
47
What are the layers of the eyeball?
Contain three layers 1. fibrous layer 2. vascular layer 3. inner nervous layer
48
What is the fibrous layer?
Sclera and Cornea
49
What is the vascular layer?
Choroid, ciliary body, iris
50
What is the inner nervous layer of the eye?
Retina
51
What does the iris do?
Colored portion of the eyeball that controls the size of the pupil based on autonomic reflexes
52
Where does the retina lie in the eyeball?
The posterior 3/4's of the inner layer
53
What is the optic disk?
The point at which the optic nerve exists the eye, which is also the blind spot
54
What is the macula lutea?
The exact center of the retina, in its center is the fovea centralis
55
What is the fovea centralis?
The area of highest visual acuity
56
What are the photoreceptors on the retina?
Rods and cones
57
What do Rods do?
See in dim light
58
What do Cones do?
Produce color vision
59
How does information flow for vision?
1.Starting from photoreceptors 2. information flows through the outer synaptic layer 3.To bipolar cells through the inner synaptic layer 4.To ganglion cells
60
How does the iris divide the eye?
It divides the eye into a anterior and posterior chamber
61
What is the anterior chamber?
Between the iris and cornea, and is filled with aqueous humor
62
What is the posterior chamber?
Lies behind the iris and in front of the lens and is also filled with aqueous humor
63
What lies beyond the posterior chamber of the eye?
The posterior cavity which is filled with transparent, gelatinous substance, the vitreous humor
64
Images focused on the retina are what?
Inverted and right to left reversed due to refraction; the brain corrects the image
65
What structures does light flow through?
1. cornea 2. Anterior chamber 3. pupil 4. lens 5. Posterior chamber 6. virtreous humor 7. retina
66
What is binocular vision?
When the anterior location of our eyes lead to visual field overlap
67
What is emmetropic mean?
When the eye refracts light correctly and focus a clear image on the retina
68
What is myopia?
Nearsightedness, concave lens to correct
69
What is Hyperopia?
Farsightedness, convex lens to correct
70
What is astigmatism?
Condition where either the cornea or the lens (or both) has an irregular curve. This leads to blurred or distorted vision
71
How much faster is the transduction of sound vibrations by the ear's sensory receptors into electrical signals then the eyes photoreceptors?
About 1000x faster
72
Ear is divided into how many parts ?
Three parts 1. External ear 2. Middle ear 3. Internal ear
73
What does the external ear contain?
auricle (pinna), external auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane
74
What are the three bones of the ear?
1. Malleus 2. Incus 3. Stapes
75
What does the auditory tube do?
From the middle ear into the nasopharynx to regular air pressure in the middle air
76
What does the inner ear contain?
Cochlea
77
What does the cochlea do?
Translates vibrations into neural impulses that the brain can interpret as sound, and the semicircular canals that work with the cerebellum for balance and equilibrium
78
Vibrations are transmitted from the stapes through what?
The oval window to the cochlea as fluid pressure waves and are transmitted into the perilymph of the scala vestibuli

ANPH 209 (22 decks)

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