Chapter 23 The respiratory system

Question 1

What is respiration?

Answer 1

The exchange of gases between the
1. Atmosphere
2. Blood
3. Cells

Question 2

The combination of 3 processes is required for respiration to occur what are they?

Answer 2

1. Ventilation (breathing)
2. External Respiration (pulmonary)
3. Internal respiration (tissue)

Question 3

The cardiovascular system assists the respiratory system with what?

Answer 3

Transporting gases

Question 4

Structurally, the components of the respiratory system are divided into what two parts?

Answer 4

1. Upper respiratory tract
2. Lower Respiratory tract

Question 5

Functionally, the components of the respiratory system are divided into 2 zones

Answer 5

1. Conducting zone
2. Respiratory zone

Question 6

What are the structures of the respiratory system?

Answer 6

1. Nose
2. Pharynx
3. Larynx
4. Trachea
5. Bronchi
6. Terminal Bronchioles

Question 7

What is the pharynx?

Answer 7

1. Passageway for air and food
2. Provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds
3. House’s the tonsils- which participate in immunological reactions against foreign invaders.

Question 8

What are three regions of the pharynx?

Answer 8

1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx

Question 9

What is the larynx?

Answer 9

Passageway that connects the pharynx and the trachea. Also known as the voice box

Question 10

What does the larynx contain?

Answer 10

Vocal folds, which produce sound when they vibrate

Question 11

What is the trachea?

Answer 11

Extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi

Question 12

At the superior boarder of the 5th thoracic vertebra, the trachea does what?

Answer 12

Branches around the carina, into a right primary bronchus that enters the right lung and a left primary bronchus that enter the left lung, also known as the main bronchi

Question 13

What is the bronchial tree?

Answer 13

1. Trachea
2. Main Bronchi
3. Lobar Bronchi
4. Segmental Bronchi
5. Bronchioles
6. Terminal bronchioles

Question 14

Upon entering the lungs, the primary bronchi divide to do what?

Answer 14

To form smaller and smaller diameter branches

Question 15

The terminal bronchioles are what?

Answer 15

The end of the conducting zone

Question 16

What are the lungs?

Answer 16

Paired organs of the thoracic cavity

Question 17

What are the Alveoli?

Answer 17

Air sacs found within the lungs

Question 18

What is the microscopic airways?

Answer 18

1. Respiratory bronchioles
2. Alveolar ducts
3. Alveolar sacs
4. Alveoli

Question 19

What are the two kinds of alveolar cells?

Answer 19

Type 1 and type 2

Question 20

The respiratory membrane is composed of what?

Answer 20

1. A layer of type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells and associated alveolar macrophages that constitutes the alveolar wall
2. A epithelial basement membrane underlying the alveolar wall
3. A capillary basement membrane that is often fused to the epithelial basement membrane
4. The capillary endothelium

Question 21

Blood enters the lungs via what?

Answer 21

The pulmonary arteries and the bronchial arteries

Question 22

Blood exits the lungs how?

Answer 22

The pulmonary veins and the bronchial veins

Question 23

What is ventilation perfusion coupling?

Answer 23

Vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia divers blood from poorly ventilated areas to well ventilated areas

Question 24

In pulmonary ventilation, air flows between the atmosphere and alveoli in the lungs because of what?

Answer 24

Alternating pressure differences created by contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles

Question 25

Pressure changes that drive inhalation and exhalation are governed by what law?

Answer 25

Boyles law

Question 26

What is Boyles law?

Answer 26

The pressure of a given mass is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature

Question 27

What is Dalton's law?

Answer 27

Each gas in mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases are present

Question 28

What is Henry's Law?

Answer 28

The quantity of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient when the temperature remains constant

Question 29

During external respiration, oxygen will diffuse from what?

Answer 29

The alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries. CO2 moves in the opposite direction

Question 30

During internal respiration, oxygen will diffuse from what?

Answer 30

The systemic capillaries into the tissue. CO2 moves in the opposite direction

Question 31

How much of oxygen is dissolved into plasma?

Answer 31

1.5%

Question 32

How much of the O2 is carried by hemoglobin?

Answer 32

98.5%

Question 33

What is the percentage of CO2 in plasma?

Answer 33

7%

Question 34

What is the percent of CO2 is carried by Hb inside red blood cells as carbaminohemoglobin?

Answer 34

23%

Question 35

What percent of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions?

Answer 35

70%

Question 36

What does Cortical influences do?

Answer 36

Allow conscious control of respiration that may be needed to avoid inhaling noxious gases or water

Question 37

What are chemoreceptors?

Answer 37

Central and peripheral chemoreceptors monitor levels of O2 and CO2 and provide input into the respiratory center

Question 38

What is Hypercapnia?

Answer 38

Increase in CO2 in blood

Question 39

What is Hypoxia?

Answer 39

Oxygen deficiency at the tissue level

Question 40

Aging results in decreased what?

Answer 40

1. vital capacity 2. Blood O2 Level 3. Alveolar macrophage activity 4. Ciliary action of respiratory epithelia

Question 41

Elderly people are more susceptible to what?

Answer 41

1. Pneumonia 2. Bronchitis 3. Emphysema