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ANPH 209 > Chapter 26 the urinary system > Flashcards

Chapter 26 the urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A
  1. Two Kidneys
  2. Two ureters
  3. One bladder
  4. One urethra
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2
Q

What does the urinary system do?

A

Maintain homeostasis by managing the volume and composition of fluid reservoirs, primarily blood

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3
Q

What’s part of blood ionic composition?

A
  1. Na
  2. K
  3. Cl
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4
Q

What is involved in the regulation of pH?

A
  1. H
  2. HCO
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5
Q

What is involved with the regulation of blood volume?

A

H2O

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6
Q

What are the functions of a homeostatic kidney?

A
  1. Maintenance of blood osmolarity
  2. Production of hormones
  3. Excretion of metabolic wastes and foreign substances
  4. Regulation of blood glucose levels
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7
Q

What are the external layers of the kidney? (superficial to deep)

A
  1. renal fascia
  2. adipose capsule
  3. Renal capsule
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8
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

Outer layer of the kidney

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9
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

Inner region

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10
Q

Although kidneys constitute less then 0.5% of total body mass they receive how much cardiac output?

A

20-25%

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11
Q

Renal nerves primary carry what kind of flow?

A

sympathetic outflow

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12
Q

What does the nerve supply do inside the kidney?

A

Regulate blood flow through the kidneys

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13
Q

What are the different types of blood vessels in the kidney?

A
  1. Renal artery and renal vein
  2. Afferent arteriole- glomerulus capsule- efferent arteriole
  3. peritubular capillaries
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14
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

A mass of capillaries that is fed by the afferent arteriole and drains into the efferent arteriole and is surrounded by the Bowman’s capsule

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15
Q

What is the bowman’s capsule?

A

Double walled structure which wraps around the capillaries and
1. filtrate is collected between the visceral and parietal layers
2. Contains fluid rich in solutes, free of proteins

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16
Q

What are the two parts of the renal corpuscle?

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Bowman’s capsule
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17
Q

What is the renal tubule?

A

Site of reabsorption and secretion

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18
Q

What are the three sections of the renal tubule?

A
  1. proximal convoluted tubule
  2. Loop of henle/ nephron loop
  3. Distal convoluted tubule
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19
Q

What are the sections of the loop of henle/ nephron loop?

A

Two parts
1. Cortical nephron
2. Justamedullary nephron

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20
Q

What is the cortical nephron?

A
  1. renal corpuscle in outer portion of cortex
  2. Short loops of Henle extend only into outer region of medulla
  3. Receives blood from peritubular capillaries arising from the glomerulus arterioles
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21
Q

The cortical nephrons make up how much of the nephrons?

A

80-85%

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22
Q

What is the juxtamedullary nephron?

A
  1. Renal corpuscle deep in cortex with long nephron loops
  2. Receive blood from peritubular capillaries and vasa recta arising form the efferent glomerulus arterioles
  3. Ascending limb has thick and thin regions
23
Q

What is the basic process involved in urine formation?

A

Glomerular filtration + secretion - reabsorption

24
Q

What are the steps for urine formation?

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
25
What is glomerular filtration?
1. Driven by blood pressure 2. Water and small molecules such as sodium and potassium, move out of the glomerulus 3. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
26
What is glomerular hydrostatic pressure?
Opposed by capsular hydrostatic pressure and blood colloid osmotic pressure
27
What is glomerular filtration rate?
Amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys each minute
28
Homeostasis requires kidneys to maintain what?
A relatively constant Glomerular filtration rate
29
What happens if the GFR is too high?
Substances pass to quickly and are not reabsorbed
30
What happens if GFR is too low?
Nearly all reabsorbed and some waste products not adequately excreted
31
What happens in tubular reabsorption and secretion?
much of the filtrate is reabsorbed, especially 1. water 2. glucose 3. Amino acids 4. Ions into the blood
32
What must we keep in mind in terms of tubular reabsorption and secretion?
1. location 2. Ratios of reabsorption
33
What does secretions assist with?
1. managing pH levels 2. Riding the body of toxic and foreign substances
34
What are enzymes, hormones of the kidney's
1. Antidiuretic hormone 2. Aldosterone 3. Atrial natriuretic factor 4. Renin 5. Erythropoietin
35
What does Antidiuretic hormone do?
Increase facultative reabsorption of water, which decreases osmolarity of blood fluid
36
What does Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP) do?
1. Increases excretion of Na in urine 2. Increases urine output and thus decreases blood volume and blood pressure
37
What does Angiotensin do?
Increases reabsorption of Na and water, which increases blood volume and pressure
38
What does Aldosterone do?
Increases secretion of K and reabsorption of Na; increases reabsorption of water, which increases blood volume and blood pressure
39
What must we keep in mind in terms of urine production?
1. Fluid intake is highly variable 2. Homeostasis requires maintenance of fluid volumes within specific limits 3. Urine concentration varies with ADH
40
What does high intake of fluid results in?
dilute urine of high volume
41
What does low intake of fluids results in?
concentrated urine of low volume
42
Routine urinalysis does what?
evaluates the presence of abnormalities in urine
43
What are some things to look for in urine?
1. Albumin 2. Glucose 3. Red Blood cells 4. Ketone bodies 5. Microbes
44
Each ureter transports urine from a renal pelvis by what?
1. Peristaltic waves 2. Hydrostatic pressure 3. gravity
45
Is there a valve at the opening of the bladder?
no
46
What happens when the bladder fills?
it compresses the opening and prevents backflow
47
How much fluid can the average bladder carry?
700-800 ml
48
What does the kidney do?
1. Regulate blood volume and composition 2. Help regulate blood pressure 3. Synthesize glucose 4. Release erythropoietin 5. participate in Vitamin D synthesis 6. excrete wastes in urine
49
What does the ureters do?
Transports tubes that move urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
50
What is the urinary bladder?
Storage organ that temporarily stores urine until convenient to discharge from body
51
What is the urethra?
Drainage tube that transports stored urine from body
52
What is micturition?
Discharge of urine
53
What is the trigger for micturition?
1. stretch receptors trigger a spinal reflex 2. urethra carries urine from internal urethra to exterior of body 3. Males have a mix of semen in urine as well

ANPH 209 (22 decks)

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