Chapter 13

Question 1

personality psychologists focus on…

Answer 1

the person - why different people act differently

Question 2

social psychologists focus on…

Answer 2

situation - why the same person acts differently in different situations

Question 3

attribution theory

Answer 3

explain behaviour based on the person (dispositional attribution) or the situation (situational attribution)

Question 4

fundamental attribution error

Answer 4

overestimate influence of personality and underestimate influence of situations

Question 5

as we age we attribute our younger selves’ behaviour to our

Answer 5

traits

Question 6

feelings that predispose our reactions

Answer 6

attitudes

Question 7

foot in the door phenomenon

Answer 7

first agree to small request, then comply later with a larger request

Question 8

moral actions strengthen moral….

Answer 8

convictions

Question 9

cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 9

we act to reduce dissonance when our thoughts are inconsistent, we bring attitudes into line with past actions

Question 10

peripheral route persuasion

Answer 10

when people are influenced by incidental factors

Question 11

central route persuasion

Answer 11

people’s thinking is influenced by arguments and evidence

Question 12

chameleon effect

Answer 12

social contagion

Question 13

what does natural mimicry help us do?

Answer 13

empathize (mood linkage)

Question 14

positive herding

Answer 14

positive ratings generate more positive ratings

Question 15

adjusting our behaviour or thinking toward some group standard=

Answer 15

coformity

Question 16

normative social influence

Answer 16

influence to gain approval

Question 17

informational social influence

Answer 17

groups provide information

Question 18

true or false: social control and personal control interact

Answer 18

true

Question 19

minority influence

Answer 19

the power of 1 or 2 to sway the majority

Question 20

social facillitation

Answer 20

strengthened performance of the most likely response in others’ presence

Question 21

social loafing

Answer 21

people in a group to exert less effort

Question 22

deindividuation

Answer 22

loss of self-restraint when in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Question 23

group polarization

Answer 23

beliefs we bring to a group grow stronger as we discuss them with like minded

Question 24

groupthink

Answer 24

when desire for harmony in a group overides realism

Question 25

three parts of prejudice

Answer 25

negative emotions stereotypes predisposition to discriminate

Question 26

tests for implicit prejudice

Answer 26

unconscious group association unconscious patronization reflexive bodily responses

Question 27

just world phenomenon

Answer 27

tendency for people to believe good is rewarded, evil punished

Question 28

ingroup bias

Answer 28

favouring of one's own group

Question 29

scapegoat theory

Answer 29

prejudice offers an outlet for anger by blaming someone

Question 30

2 forms of evidence for the scapegoat theory

Answer 30

social trends and experiments

Question 31

outgroup homogenity

Answer 31

overestimating the extent to which members of other groups are alike

Question 32

other-race effect

Answer 32

recalling faces of one's own race better than other races

Question 33

availibility heuristic

Answer 33

estimating the frequency of an event based off of how readily it comes to mind

Question 34

hindsight bias

Answer 34

amplifies victim blaming

Question 35

low MAOA gene carriers behave

Answer 35

more aggressively

Question 36

frustration-aggression principle

Answer 36

frustration creates anger, which can spark aggression

Question 37

culturally provided mental files for how to act in certain situations

Answer 37

social scripts

Question 38

friendship's most powerful predictor

Answer 38

proximity

Question 39

mere exposure effect

Answer 39

repeated exposure to new visual stimuli increases our liking

Question 40

do opposites attract?

Answer 40

no

Question 41

reward theory of attraction

Answer 41

we like those whose behaviour rewards us, and can help us achieve our goals

Question 42

passionate love

Answer 42

intense postive state at the beginning of a relationship

Question 43

two factor theory of emotion

Answer 43

emotions have 2 ingredients - physical arousal/ cognitive appraisal arousal can enhance one emotion or another

Question 44

companionate love

Answer 44

deep, affectionate attachement (oxytocin remains)

Question 45

3 keys to enduring love

Answer 45

equity, self-disclosure, positive support

Question 46

steps of helping descions

Answer 46

notice, interpret as an emergency, assume responsibility for helping

Question 47

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 47

when more people share responsibility for helping, less likely help (bystander effect)

Question 48

social exchange theory

Answer 48

behave to maximise benefits, minimize costs

Question 49

reciprocity norm

Answer 49

'paying it forward'

Question 50

social responsibility norm

Answer 50

expectation that e should help those who need our help even if costs outweigh benefits

Question 51

social traps

Answer 51

when two parties pursue self-interest and become caught in mutually destructive behaviour

Question 52

mirror image perceptions

Answer 52

each side demonizes the other

Question 53

GRIT

Answer 53

strategy designed to decrease international tensions