Chapter 5

Question 1

what does developmental pysch examine across the life span

Answer 1

physical, cognitive, and social development

Question 2

cross-sectional studies

Answer 2

comparing people of different ages

Question 3

longitudinal studies

Answer 3

following people across time

Question 4

3 major issues of developmental pysch

Answer 4

nature and nurture
continuity and stages
stability and change

Question 5

what do stage theories contribute?

Answer 5

a developmental perspective on the whole life span

Question 6

is temperament and moods stable or changeable?

Answer 6

stable

Question 7

are social attitudes stable or changable

Answer 7

much less stable (especially during late adolescence)

Question 8

end of history illusion

Answer 8

recognizing that they have changed, but presuming they will change little in the future

Question 9

who is stage theory supported by

Answer 9

piaget (cognitive development) , kohlberg (moral development), and erikson (psychosocial development)

Question 10

zygotes

Answer 10

fertilized eggs (fewer than half survive beyond frist 2 weeks)

Question 11

prenatal develpoment

Answer 11

zygote: conception - 2 weeks
embryo: 2 weeks - through 8 weeks
fetus: 9 weeks - birth

Question 12

where does the learning of language begin

Answer 12

the womb

Question 13

what potentially harmful agents can slip by the placentas screening

Answer 13

teratogens

Question 14

FAS

Answer 14

lifelong physical and mental abnormalities

Question 15

epigenetic effect

Answer 15

leaves chemical marks on DNA that switch genes abnormally on and off

Question 16

baby reflexes

Answer 16

rooting, sucking, startle, grasping, stepping, babinski

Question 17

habituation

Answer 17

a decrease in responding with repeated stimulation

Question 18

maturation

Answer 18

the orderly sequence of biological growth

Question 19

what brain growth happens from ages 3-6

Answer 19

frontal lobe growth = rational planning

Question 20

synaptic pruning

Answer 20

use it or lose it process that shuts down unused links

Question 21

last brain cortical areas to develop

Answer 21

association areas, those linked with thinking, memory, and language

Question 22

what guides motor development

Answer 22

genes

Question 23

infantile amnesia

Answer 23

when rapid neuron growth disrupts the circuits that stored old memories

Question 24

which brain areas that underlie memory continue to mature during and after adolescence

Answer 24

hippocampus and frontal lobes

Question 25

cognition

Answer 25

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Question 26

piaget's core idea

Answer 26

that our intellectual progression reflects an unceasing struggle to make sense of our experiences

Question 27

schemas

Answer 27

concepts or mental molds into which we pour our experiences

Question 28

assimilate

Answer 28

we interpret experiences in terms of our current understandings

Question 28

accomodate

Answer 28

we adjust our schemas to incorporate information provided by new experiences

Question 28

piaget's 4 major stages

Answer 28

sensorimotor birth-2 preoperational 2-7 concrete operational 7-11 formal operational 12-

Question 28

object permanence

Answer 28

the awareness that objects continue to exist even when not percieved

Question 29

before age 6 piaget says kids lack conservation...

Answer 29

the principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape

Question 30

formal operational thinking

Answer 30

systematic reasoning

Question 31

what do researchers think today of piaget

Answer 31

development as more continuous formal logic as a smaller part of cognition

Question 32

what did vygotsky emphasize

Answer 32

how the child's mind grows through interaction with the social environment (scaffold)

Question 33

theory of mind

Answer 33

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states

Question 34

where do asd people struggle

Answer 34

to understand their own and other peoples states

Question 35

stranger anxiety

Answer 35

commonly displayed fear of strangers beginning at 8 months

Question 36

imprinting

Answer 36

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life but children become attached by mere exposure

Question 37

insecure vs secure attachement

Answer 37

what it sounds like

Question 38

does heredity affect temperment

Answer 38

yes, and temperament affects attachment style

Question 39

anxious attachment

Answer 39

people constantly crave acceptance but remain vigilant to rejection

Question 40

avoidant attachment

Answer 40

people experience discomfort getting close to others and use avoidant strategies

Question 41

childhood's major social achievement

Answer 41

positive sense of self and self-concept

Question 42

parenting styles

Answer 42

authoritarian = coercive permissive = unrestraining neglectful = uninvolved authoritative = confrontive

Question 43

life-span perspective

Answer 43

seeing development as lifelong

Question 44

puberty pruning

Answer 44

pruning of unused neurons and connections

Question 45

myelin

Answer 45

tissue that forms around axons, speeds neurotransmission, enables better communication

Question 46

does frontal lobe maturation lag behind the emotional limbic system

Answer 46

yes

Question 47

preconventional thinking

Answer 47

self interest, obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

Question 48

conventional thinking

Answer 48

uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

Question 49

postconventional thinking

Answer 49

actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles (critics say culturally limited)

Question 50

moral intuitions

Answer 50

(hait) quick gut judgements

Question 51

psychosocial tasks

Answer 51

trust, autonomy, initiative competence synthesize into clearer sense of self

Question 52

search for identity

Answer 52

what erikson called the adolescent's quest

Question 53

emerging adulthood

Answer 53

18-mid twenties, an increasingly not yet settled phase of life

Question 53

has life expectancy increased, and older population increased

Answer 53

yes

Question 53

telomeres

Answer 53

tip of chromosomes that wear down as you age

Question 54

what breaks down in the hippocampus that furthers cognitive decline

Answer 54

blood-brain barrier

Question 55

what compensates for memory loss by recruiting and reorganizing neural networks

Answer 55

plasticity

Question 56

terminal decline

Answer 56

accelerated cognitive decline in the last years of life

Question 57

ethics of care theory

Answer 57

masculine and feminine moral thinking, we need a mix of both

Question 58

socioemotional selectivity theory

Answer 58

as people age, shift from information seeking goals to emotion focused goals

Question 59

The type of validity that refers to the extent to which a test samples the behaviour that is of interest

Answer 59

content

Question 60

heritability

Answer 60

the proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes

Question 61

reification

Answer 61

viewing abstract concept as concrete