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Biology 235 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

meninges

A

3 protective connective tissue coverings that encircle the spinal cord and brain; dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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2
Q

dura mater

A

superficial layer of meninges; thick strong layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue;

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3
Q

epidural space

A

a space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal

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4
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle layer of meninges; thin, avascular covering comprised of cells and thin, loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibres

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5
Q

subdural space

A

space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater that contains interstitial fluid

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6
Q

pia mater

A

innermost layer of meninges; thin transparent connective tissue layer that adheres to the surface of spinal cord and brain; blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord

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7
Q

subarachnoid space

A

space between arachnoid mater and pia mater; contains shock-absorbing cerebrospinal fluid

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8
Q

external anatomy of spinal cord

A

oval in shape; flattened slightly anteriorly and posteriorly;

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9
Q

cervical enlargement

A

superior enlargement of the spinal cord; extends from fourth cervical vertebra (C4) to first thoracic vertebra (T1)

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10
Q

lumbar enlargement

A

inferior enlargement of the spinal cord; extends from the 9th to 12th thoracic vertebra

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11
Q

conus medullaris

A

the spinal cord terminates inferior to the lumbar enlargement as a tapering, conical structure called the conus medullaris

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12
Q

filum terminale

A

arises from the conus medullaris; an extension of the pia mater that extends inferiorly and uses with the arachnoid mater and dura mater and anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx

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13
Q

spinal nerves

A

paths of communication between the spinal cord and specific regions of the body

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14
Q

posterior (dorsal) root

A

contain only sensory axons, which conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles and internal organs into the CNS

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15
Q

posterior (dorsal) root ganglion

A

swelling on each posterior root which contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons

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16
Q

anterior (ventral) root

A

contain axons of motor neurons which conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

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17
Q

cauda equina

A

roots of lower spinal nerves that angle inferiorly alongside the film terminal in the vertebral column like wisps of hair

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18
Q

internal anatomy of the spinal cord

A

regions of white matter surround an inner core of gray matter

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19
Q

anterior median fissure

A

wide groove on the anterior (ventral) side of the spinal cord

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20
Q

posterior median sulcus

A

narrow furrow on the posterior (dorsal) side

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21
Q

grey commisure

A

the grey matter of the spinal cord is shaped like the letter H; it consists of dendrites and cell bodies of neurons, unmyelinated axons and neuroglia. The grey commissure forms the cross bar of the H

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22
Q

central canal

A

space in the centre of the grey commissure that extends the entire length of the spinal cord and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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23
Q

nuclei

A

clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the grey matter of the spinal cord

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24
Q

posterior (dorsal) gray horns

A

contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons as well as axons of incoming sensory neurons

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25
anterior (ventral) gray horns
contains somatic motor nuclei (clusters of cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that provide nerve impulses for contraction of skeletal muscles)
26
lateral gray horns
between the posterior and anterior gray horns; only present in thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord; contain autonomic motor nuclei (clusters of cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands)
27
tracts
bundles of axons having a common origin or destination and carrying similar info may extend long distances up or down the spinal cord
28
sensory (ascending) tracts
consists of axons that conduct nerve impulses toward the brain
29
motor (descending) tracts
consists of axons that carry nerve impulses from the brain
30
roots
connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord
31
rootlets
even smaller bundles of axons that connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord
32
mixed nerve
a spinal nerve; called this because the posterior root contains sensory axons and the anterior root contains motor axons
33
connective tissue coverings of spinal nerves
each spinal and cranial nerve contains layers of protective connective tissue coverings
34
endoneurium
the innermost layer of connective tissue covering of the axon of a myelinated or unmyelinated nerve
35
fascicle
groups of axons with their endoneurium are held together in bundles called fascicles
36
perineurium
middle layer of connective tissue covering of nerves; wraps each fascicle
37
epineurium
outermost covering over the entire nerve
38
rami
branches that spinal nerves divide into after passing through its invertebrate foramen
39
plexus
networks of axons
40
cervical plexus
formed by the roots of the first 4 cervical nerves (C1-C4); one on each side of the neck; supplies the skin and muscles of the head, neck and superior part of the shoulders and chest
41
brachial plexus
formed by the roots of spinal nerves C5-C8 and T1.
42
lumbar plexus
formed by roots of spinal nerves L1-L4; supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitals and part of the lower limbs
43
sacral plexus
formed by spinal nerves L4-L5 and S1-S4; supplies buttocks, perineum and lower limbs; largest nerve in the body (sciatic nerve) arises from the sacral plexus
44
dermatome
the area of skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves or the trigeminal (V) nerve; allows us to pin point where nerve damage occurred, if the skin in a region is stimulated but it is not felt, then the nerves supplying that dermatome are probably damaged.
45
spinothalamic tract
conveys nerve impulses for sensing pain, warmth, coolness, itching, tickling, deep pressure and crude touch
46
direct pathway
convey nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and are destined to cause voluntary movements of skeletal muscles, i.e. lateral corticospinal, anterior cortiocspinal and corticobulbar
47
indirect pathway
convey nerve impulses from the brain stem to cause automatic movements and help coordinate body movements with visual stimuli; maintain skeletal muscle tone, sustain contraction of postural muscles and play a major role in equilibrium by regulating muscle tone in response to movements of the head
48
reflex
a fast, involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions that occurs in response to a particular stimulus
49
spinal reflex
a reflex when integration takes place in the spinal cord gray matter; i.e. patellar reflex
50
cranial reflex
a reflex when integration occurs in the brain stem; i.e. tracking the movements of your eyes as you read a sentence
51
somatic reflexes
perceived consciously; involve contraction of skeletal muscles
52
autonomic (visceral) reflexes
not consciously perceived; involve responses of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
53
reflex arc
the pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex
54
sensory receptor
the distal end of a sensory neuron (dendrite) that responds to a stimulus by producing a graded potential
55
stimulus
a change in the internal or external environment
56
sensory neuron
the nerve impulses propagate from the sensory receptor along the axon of the sensory neuron to the axon terminals; which are located in the gray matter of the spinal cord or brains stem
57
integrating centre
one or more regions of gray matter within the CNS act as an integrating centre; a single synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron
58
monosynaptic reflex arc
a reflex pathway having only one synapse in the CNS
59
polysynaptic reflex arc
a reflex pathway involving more than two types of neurons and more than one CNS synapse
60
motor neuron
impulses triggered by the integrating centre propagate out of the CNS along a motor neuron to the part of the body that will respond
61
effector
the part of the body that responds to the motor nerve impulse; its action is called a reflex
62
stretch reflex
causes contraction of a skeletal muscles in response to stretching of the muscle
63
muscle spindle
sensory receptors in muscle that are stimulated by slight stretching
64
ipsilateral reflex
when sensory nerve impulses enter the spinal cord on the same side from which motor nerve impulses leave it; all monosynaptic reflexes are ipsilateral
65
muscle tone
the small degree of contraction present while the muscle is at rest
66
reciprocal innervation
when the stretched muscle contracts during a stretch reflex, antagonistic muscles that oppose the contraction relax; the components of a neural circuit simultaneously cause contraction of one muscle and relaxation of its antagonist; prevents conflict between opposing muscles
67
tendon reflex
controls muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation before muscle force becomes so great that tendons might be torn; less sensitive than stretch reflex; can override the stretch reflex when tension is great; ipsilateral
68
tendon (Golgi tendon) organs
the sensory receptor for a tendon reflex
69
flexor or withdrawal reflex
in response to painful stimulus; polysynaptic reflex; ipsilateral
70
crossed extensor reflex
help maintain balance; i.e when you step on a tack then your body weight shifts to the other foot
71
contralateral reflex arc
sensory impulses enter one side of the spinal cord and motor impulses exit on the opposite sides
72
shingles
an acute infection of the peripheral nervous system caused by herpes zoster (the virus that also causes chicken pox)
73
poliomyelitis
caused by a virus called poliovirus; invades neurons in vital enters that control breathing and heart function in the brain stem
74
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges due to an infection, usually caused by a bacterium or virus

Biology 235 (17 decks)

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