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Biology 2 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

An explanation for how Earth became populated with this abundance of diversity

A

Theory of Evolution

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2
Q

The ________ plays a powerful role in evolution

A

Environment

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3
Q

Is the branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying species

A

Taxonomy

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4
Q

A method of naming species and a hierarchical classification species into broader groups of organisms

A

Linnaean System

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5
Q

In the Linnaean System, each species is given a two part Latinized name, or

A

Bionomial

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6
Q

The first part of a binomial is the ____; A group of closely related species

A

Genus

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7
Q

The second part of binomial is used to distingush species with a genus

A

Bionomial Nonenclature

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8
Q

Solve the problem of ambiguty of common names

A

Linnaean Bionomial

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9
Q 
Did 
King
Phillp
Come
Over
For
Great
Spagetti
A 
Domain 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family 
Genus
Species
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10
Q

Charles Darwins best known book is called

A

On the Orgin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

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11
Q

Greek Philosopher says that species are fixed.

A

Aristotle

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12
Q

Species were created the way thet are

A

Judeo-Christain culture

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13
Q

Stunning discoveries in the early 1800s, including fossilize skeletons of gigantic sea creature dubbed an ichthyosaur, or fish lizard convince many naturalist that _______

A

Extinctions had occurred

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14
Q

In the early 1800s, French naturalist suggested that the best exclamation for these observations is that life evolves

A

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

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15
Q

A better predictor of relationships among organisms than similarity of environment

A

Geographic Proximity

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16
Q

The plants and animals living in timber regions of south America more closely resembled species living in tropical regions of that continent than species living in similar temperate regions of Europe

A

Geographic Proximity

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17
Q

Darwin proposed a scientific mechanism for how life evolves

A

Natural Selection

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18
Q

Individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce then are individuals with other traits

A

Natural Selection

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19
Q

The descendants of a remote ancestor spread into various habitats over millions and millions of years, natural selection resulted in diverse modifications or ______, That fit them into specific ways of life in their environment

A

Evolutionary adaptations

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20
Q

A British naturalist doing fieldwork in Indonesia conceived a hypothesis almost identical to Darwins

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

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21
Q

What two proposals that Darwin make in his book

A
  1. Existing species descended from ancestral species

2. Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution

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22
Q

Theory of Evolution (2 things about ancestry)

A
  1. Living are descendants from ancestral species

2. Newer species Or somehow modified from the ancestral form

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23
Q

This type of evolution left evidence such as fossils and in today’s organisms

A

Biological Evolution

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24
Q

Leave an empty mold

A

Cast

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25
Fossilized feces
Corprolites
26
Fossil forms (3)
Casts Imprints Coprolites
27
Fossils that (Layers of Ground) are on top
Younger Strata
28
Fossils that are on the bottom or deeper
Older strata
29
Fossils that show a combination of traits is called
Transitional forms
30
Similarity resulting from common ancestry
Homology
31
Characteristics present and ab ancestral organism are altered overtime by natural selection as its descendants face different ________
Environmental conditions
32
As a result related species can have characteristics that have an _____
Underlying similarity yet function differently
33
Darwin cited the anatomical similarities to say organisms had_____
Common ancestry
34
Biologists call such anatomical similarities in different organisms ________
Homologous structures
35
Features that have different functions but are structurally similar because of common ancestry
Homologous structures
36
The study of molecular basis of genes and gene expression | Provides a much deeper understanding of homologies
Molecular biology
37
Common ancestor
Homologous genes
38
Distant common ancestor
Less homologous genes
39
Provide strong evidence that all life forms are related
Molecular biology
40
Some of these genes are silenced in common ancestors. Many animals can convert glucose to vitamin c whereas humans can't die to a section of genetic code being turned off
Hidden molecular homologies
41
Remnants of features that served important functions in an organism's ancestors but no longer serve an important function.
Vestigial structures
42
Homology can also explain observations about _______
Embryonic development
43
Some homologous characters are shared by all species because they date to the deep ancestral past
Genetic code
44
Hypotheses reflecting our current understanding of patterns of evolutionary descent
Evolutionary trees
45
The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in the offspring
Artificial selection
46
Artificial selection has two essential components
1. Variation (among individuals) | 2. Heritability (the transmission of a trait from parent to offspring)
47
Human disease, famine, and war were the consequences of human populations increasing faster than food supplies and other resources
Thomas Malthus
48
Idea of populations: - The resources are limited - The production of more individuals then the environment can support leads to a struggle for existence - only some offspring survive in each generation
Thomas Malthus
49
Individuals whose traits better enable them to obtain food, escape predators, Or tolerate physical conditions will survive and reproduce more successfully, passing these adaptive traits to their offspring's
Natural Selection
50
Acquired Characteristics of an individual cannot be passed down; natural selection amplified or diminishes this
Heritable traits
51
Who answered these questions that Darwin had? How the variations are the raw material for natural selection arise in a population? How these variations are passed along from parent to offspring
Gregor Mendel
52
Alleles originate by
Mutation
53
_____ is the ultimate source of the genetic variation that serves as raw material for evolution
Mutation
54
Only mutations in cells that produce gametes can be passed to offspring and affect a population's genetic variability
Multicellular organisms
55
Mutations have quick noticeable effects as generations of organisms come about an hours
Prokaryotes
56
Fresh assortments of existing alleles arise every generation from three random components of sexual reproduction:
1. Independent orientation of homologous chromosomes at metaphase 1 of meiosis 2. Crossing over 3. Random fertilization
57
The evolutionary impact of natural selection is only apparent in the ____ of organisms overtime
Changes of population
58
A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed
Population
59
- at the population level biologist focus on this - all copies of every type of allele (variant forms of genes - at every locus (position on chromosome) - in all members of the population
Gene pool
60
the population must not be evolving (for instance mutations) in order for it to work Gene pool stable= not evolving
Hardy Weinsburg formula
61
What is Hardy Weinsburg formula used for?
To calculate the frequencies of genotypes in a gene pool from the frequencies of allies
62
To calculate the frequencies of genotypes in a gene pool from the frequencies of allies
Hardy Weinsburg formula
63
a recessive allele that prevents the breakdown of the amino acid phenylalanine Occurs in about one out of every 10,000 babies born in US
PKU
64
A non evolving population, in which the gene pool remains constant from generation to generation and the frequencies of alleles
Hardy Weinsburg equilibrium
65
A generation to generation change in allele frequencies of a population is evolution viewed on the smallest scale
Microevolution
66
A change in the gene pool of a small population due to chance
Genetic drift
67
- Example of genetic drift - decreases the overall genetic variability in a population because at least some alleles are lost from the gene pool and results in a loss of individual variation and hence adaptability
The Bottleneck Effect
68
During the 1800s when farmers hunted the animals to near extinction is an example of
The Bottleneck Effect
69
- When a few individuals colonize an isolated habitat | - represents genetic drift in a new colony
Founder Effect
70
Explains a relatively high frequency of certain inherited disorders in some small human populations
Founder Effect
71
Genetic exchange with another population
Gene flow
72
Only natural selection consistently leads to
Adaptive evolution
73
Evolution that results in a better fit (organisms with greater fitness) between organisms and their environments
Adaptive evolution
74
The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to contributions of other individuals
Relative fitness
75
Shifts the overall makeup of a population by selecting in favor of one extreme phenotype
Directional Selection
76
Can lead to a balance between two or more contrasting phenotypic forms in a population
Disruptive Selection
77
Favors intermediate phenotypes which occur in relatively stable environments and is the most common
Stabilizing Selection
78
A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain traits are most likely than other individuals to obtain mates
Sexual Selection
79
A distinction in appearance between males and females not directly associated with reproduction or survival
Sexual Dimorphism
80
The processes of ____ and _____generate variation, and _____ produces adaptation to the environment.
Mutation; Sexual Reproduction; Natural Selection
81
Each of us is part of the ongoing evolution of the human species. What would have the greatest impact on the future biological evolution of the human population?
A mutation occurs in one of your sperm or egg cells
82
“Differential success in reproduction associated with different inherited traits” is just another way of saying ____
Natural Selection
83
All known organisms translate genetic information to protein molecules via the same genetic code. Hypothesis?
All organisms are descended from a single common ancestor
84
Who had the first basic idea of evolutionary adaptation?
Lamarck
85
Anatomical similarities in different organisms are known as
Homologous structures
86
Which scientist helped Darwin in believing that evolution could have taken place as this scientist believed in an “ancient earth” rather than an earth that was more recently derived.
Lyell
87
As a mechanism of evolution, natural Selection can be most closely equates with
Unequal reproductive success
88
Gene flow is accomplished by
Migration
89
A challenge to traditional (pre 1860s) ideas about species came from embryology, where it was discovered that
Embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble eachother
90
What lead paleontologist to hypothesize that whales have evolved from wolf like carnivores?
Fossil teeth
91
Homology is evidence of
Common ancestry
92
Individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates. The choice is often based on the showy appearance of behavior of the male
Mate choice
93
Natural Selection generally results in a population that is
Adapted to its CURRENT environment
94
Why did dark colored rock pocket mice first appear in population of light colored rock pocket mice??
Genetic mutation that affects the fur color
95
Mutations are always
A change in an individuals DNA

Biology 2 (17 decks)

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