Chapter 14 Flashcards
1
Q
The diversity of life is evolved through
A
Speciation
2
Q
The process in which one species splits into two or more species
A
Speciation
3
Q
_____ is a Latin word meaning kind or appearance
A
Species
4
Q
Defines a species as a group of “populations whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another and produce fertile offspring (offspring that can reproduce)”
A
Biological species concept
5
Q
populations whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another and produce fertile offspring (offspring that can reproduce)
A
Species
6
Q
- measurable physical traits
- molecular data
- small group of individuals sharing a common ancestor
A
How Biologists define species
7
Q
Things that prevent closely related species from breeding
A
Reproductive barriers
8
Q
This is in place so members of different species cannot successfully reproduce (have high fitness)
A
Reproductive barriers
9
Q
- temporal isolation
- habitat isolation
- behavioral isolation
A
Prezygotic barriers
10
Q
- mechanical isolation
- gamete isolation
A
Mating attempt
11
Q
To prevent mating or fertilization between species
A
Prezygotic barriers
12
Q
Species that mate at different times
A
Temporal isolations
13
Q
Species that are most likely not going to mate because of different habitats
A
Habitat isolation
14
Q
Mating or fertilization occurs at different seasons or times of day
A
Temporal isolation
15
Q
Little or no sexual attraction exist between populations. Such as odor, coloration, or courtship ritual, can also function as reproductive barriers
A
Behavioral isolation
16
Q
Structural differences prevent fertilization. The egg producing and sperm producing parts of different species are anatomically incompatible
A
Mechanical isolation
17
Q
Female and make gametes fail to untie in fertilization. (Don’t fuse)
A
Gametic isolation
18
Q
This operates if interspecies mating occurs in hybrid zygotes form
A
Postzygotic Barriers
19
Q
Hybrid zygotes fail to develop or failed to reach sexual maturity
A
Reduced Hybrid Viability
20
Q
Hybrids failed to produce functional gametes
A
Reduced Hybrid Fertility
21
Q
Hybrids are feeble or sterile. Different species of cotton plants can produce fertile hybrids, but the offspring of the hybrids do not survive.
A
Hybrid breakdown
22
Q
A key event in the origin of a species occurs when a ___ from other populations of the ___
A
Population is somehow cut off; parent species
23
Q
In which the initial block to gene pool is a geographic barrier that physically isolate the splinter population
A
Allopatric speciation
24
Q
The origin of new species without geographic isolation
A
Sympatric speciation
25
“Different country”
Allopatric speciation
26
“Same country”
Sympatric speciation
27
This process can fragment a population into two or more isolated populations and contribute to all allopatric speciation
Geologic processes
28
Speciation occurs with the evolution of reproductive barriers between the isolated population and its parent population
Allopatric Speciation
29
Even if the two populations should come back into contact at some later time, ____
The reproductive barriers will keep them as separate species
30
In allopatric speciation occurs with the evolution of reproductive barriers between ____ and ____
Isolated population and it’s parent population
31
A species may originate from an accident during cell division that results in an extra set of chromosomes
Polyploidy
32
Has been found in some animal species especially fish and amphibians, most common in plants
Polyploid speciation
33
Is most common in plants- majority of present day plant species are descended from ancestors that arose by
Polyploid speciation
34
Two distinct forms of polyploidy have been observed
1. Polyploidy occurs leading to new species in overlapping geographic location
2. Two different species might interbreed and produce hybrid offspring
35
```
Oats
Potatoes
Bananas
Strawberries
Peanuts
Apples
Sugarcane
Wheat
```
Polyploids
36
One of the worlds greatest showcases of speciation
Galápagos Islands
37
Researchers have documented at least two dozen cases in which populations are currently diverging as they
- use different food resources or
| - breed in different habitats
38
Much of the evidence for evolution comes from the
Fossil record
39
In one survey of 84 groups of plants and animals the time for __
Speciation ranges from 4,000 to 40 million years
40
Evolutionary change above the species level.
| Includes the impact of mass extinctions on the diversity of life and it’s subsequent recovery
Macroevolution
41
An understanding of ____begins with a look at the span of geologic time over which life’s diversity has evolved
Macroevolution
42
The sequence in which fossils appear in rock strata and an archive of macroevolution
Fossil record
43
This divides earths history into a consistent sequence of geologic periods
Geologic time scale
44
A method based on the decay of radioactive isotopes
Radiometric dating
45
The most common method geologists use to learn the age of rocks and the fossils they contain
Radiometric dating
46
The continents and seafloors form a thin putter layer of solid rock
Crust
47
The continents and seafloors form a thin putter layer of solid rock, called crust, divided into giant irregularly shaped plates that ___, a mass of hot, viscous material
Float atop the mantle
48
The theory that states that continents and seafloors form a thin putter layer of solid rock, called crust, divided into giant irregularly shaped plates that float atop the mantle, a mass of hot, viscous material
Plate Tectonics
49
Mantle movement causes the plate to move, the boundaries of some plates are hotspots of geologic activity, earthquakes signal that two plates are scraping past or colliding with eachother
Continental drift
50
Continental drift has had an impact on the evolution of life’s diversity by
- reshaping the physical features of the planet and
| - altering the environments in which organisms live
51
Plate movements formed the supercontinent
Pangaea
52
About 250 million years ago ,
- the total amount of shoreline was reduced
- ocean basins increases in depth
- sea levels dropped
- many extinctions occurred
- Pangaea
53
When did the second dramatic chapter in the history of continental begin?
Mid-Mesozoic era
54
The history of continental mergers and separations explains many patterns of
Biogeography
55
The study of the past and present distribution of organisms
Biogeography
56
What separated Australia from other land masses?
Continental drift
57
Australia and its neighboring islands are home to more than _____, most of which are found nowhere else in the world
200 species of marsupials
58
The fossil record reveals that there has been how many mass extinctions over the 540 million years
5
59
This mass extinction occurred 250 million years ago, occurred when Pangaea formed, had ill effects on many life forms
Permian mass extinction
60
This extinction happened 65 million years ago, occurred at the end of this period, included the extinction of all the dinosaurs except birds, permitted an explosive increase in diversity of mammals
Cretaceous extinction
61
Thousands of fossils of ____ have been found and classified into more than 30 species
Feathered dinosaurs
62
The feathers seen in these fossils of the Archaeopteryx ____ nor would their reptilian anatomy have been suited to flying
Could not have been used for flight
63
Archaeopteryx first utility for its wings may have been for
Insulation
64
Structures such as feathers that evolve in one context but become co-opted for another function
Exaptations
65
The evolution of complex eyes can be traced from a simple ancestral ___ through a series of ___ that benefitted their owners at each stage
Patch of photoreceptors cells
Incremental modifications
66
Includes Taxonomy and focuses on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships
Systematics
67
What two things do Systematics focus on?
- classifying organisms
| - evolutionary relationships
68
Biologists use this to depict hypothesis about the evolutionary history of species and reflect the hierarchical classification of groups nested within more inclusive groups
Phylogenetic trees
69
Researchers have identified two species of wild grasses that may be maize’s closest living relatives by
Constructing a phylogeny of maize
70
The genomes of these wild grasses may harbor alleles that offer
Disease resistance
| or other useful traits
71
How can the genomes of these plants that harbor alleles that offer disease resistant and other useful traits help us?
By generating better more healthy crops
72
Different in species, may vary in form and function but exhibit fundamental similarities because they evolved from the same structure in a common ancestor
Homologous structures
73
One of the best sources of information for phylogenetic relationships
Homologous structures
74
Involves superficially similar structures from different evolutionary branches that result from natural selection shaping analogous adaptations
Convergent evolution
75
Similarity due to convergence
Analogy
76
Comparing the __ of two species can often reveal homology that is not apparent in the mature structures
Embryonic development
77
What reflects common ancestry ?
Homology
78
If homology reflects common ancestry, then comparing DNA sequences of organisms gets to the heart of their
Evolutionary relationships
79
The more recently two species have branched from a common ancestor, the ____ should be
More similar their DNA sequences should be
80
Organisms are grouped by common ancestry
Cladistics
81
Consists of an ancestral species and all its evolutionary descendants
Clade
82
forms a distinct branch in the tree of life
Clade
83
This helps us identify classification schemes for organisms
Clades
84
Based on the Darwinian concept of “descent with modification from a common ancestor”
Cladistics
85
To identify clades, scientists compare an ___ with an___
Ingroup with an outgroup
86
The group of species that is actually being analyzed
Ingroup
87
A species or group of species known to have diverged before the lineage that contains the group being studied
Outgroup
88
Biologists traditionally placed birds and reptiles in separate classes of vertebrates. An inventory of homologies indicates that
Birds and crocodiles make up one clade
| Lizards and snakes form another
89
Phylogenetic trees are ____ about evolutionary history
Hypotheses
90
Linnaeus divides all known forms of life between the
Plant and animal kingdoms
91
In the mid 1900s the two kingdom system was replaced by a five kingdom system that
- placed all prokaryotes in one kingdom
| - divided the eukaryotes amount four other kingdoms
92
In the late 1900s the molecular and cladistics led to the development of a
Three domain system
93
What does the three domain system recognize?
- two domains of prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)
| - one domain of eukaryotes (eukarya)
94
Mass extinctions were followed by a period of
Evolutionary change
95
New species arose as survivors became adapted to occupy ___ or to fill ___
To occupy new habitats or
to fill community roles vacated by extinctions
96
Through the process of evolution by natural selection, this pattern of ___ and ___ is repeated throughout history of life on earth
Death and renewal
97
- temporal isolation
- habitat isolation
- behavioral isolation
- mechanical isolation
- gametic isolation
Prezygotic barriers
98
- reduced hybrid viability
- reduced hybrid fertility
- hybrid breakdown
Postzygotic barriers
99
Occurs after geographic isolation
Allopatric speciation
100
Occurs without geographic isolation
Sympatric speciation
101
Biological species consists of groups of
Populations
102
Speciation requires
Genetic isolation
103
The study of the past and present distribution of organisms
Biogeography
104
Molecular systematics examine all the following types of data (3)
- proteins
- DNA sequences
- amino acid sequences
105
Ancestral species and all it’s evolutionary descendants define
Clade
106
The strongest piece of evidence for why some scientists believe that we are the start of the sixth mass extinction
Decrease in biodiversity
107
An approach based on measurable physical traits is good for classifying what
Fossil organisms
108
Our current geological era is called
Cenozoic
109
A period of mass extinction is often followed by
Explosive diversification
