Chapter 16 Exam 2

Question 1

The roots of most plants are surrounded by a

Answer 1

Finely woven web of fungal filaments

Question 2

An interaction in which one species lives in or on another species

Answer 2

Symbiosis

Question 3

Absorb water and inorganic nutrients and passes them to plant

Answer 3

Ultrathin fungal filament

Question 4

The plant supplies the fungus with

Answer 4

Sugars and other organic molecules

Question 5

A multicellular eukaryote that carries out photosynthesis and has a set of adaptations for living on land

Answer 5

Plant

Question 6

Distinguishes plants from the animal and fungal kingdoms, which are also made up of eukaryotic, multicellular organisms

Answer 6

Photosynthesis

Question 7

Algae are not equipped to obtain the ___ needed for photosynthesis from the air

Answer 7

carbon dioxide

Question 8

the resources that a photosynthetic organism needs are found in two very different places

Answer 8

terrestrial habitats

Question 9

What is mainly available in the air?

Answer 9

Light and carbon dioxide

Question 10

What is found mainly in the soil

Answer 10

What’re and mineral nutrients

Question 11

Subterranean organs called __ anchor the plant in soil and absorb minerals and water from the soil.

Answer 11

Roots

Question 12

Above ground, leaf-bearing ___ carry out photosynthesis.

Answer 12

Shoots

Question 13

symbiotic associations of fungi and roots which enlarge the root’s functional surface area, absorb water and essential minerals from the soil and provide these materials to the plant

Answer 13

Mycorrhizae

Question 14

What nourishes the fungi that is produced by the plant?

Answer 14

Sugars

Question 15

What is a key adaptation for plants to live on land

Answer 15

Mycorrhizae

Question 16

What are the main photosynthetic organs of most plants

Answer 16

Leaves

Question 17

microscopic pores found on a leaf’s surface, for the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen with the atmosphere

Answer 17

Stomata

Question 18

a waxy layer coating the leaves and other aerial parts of most plants called the ___, for the retention of water

Answer 18

Cuticle

Question 19

a network of tube-shaped cells that branch throughout the plant, for the transport of vital materials between roots and shoots.

Answer 19

Vascular tissue

Question 20

What do the 2 types of vascular tissue do?

Answer 20

-transporting water and
minerals from roots to leaves.

-distributes sugars from the leaves to the roots and other nonphotosynthetic parts of the plant

Question 21

The cell walls of many of the cells in vascular tissue are hardened by a chemical called

Answer 21

lignin

Question 22

Reproductive tissues could easily

Answer 22

DRY OUT!!!

Question 23

The algal ancestors of plants carpeted moist fringes of lakes or coastal salt marshes more than

Answer 23

500 million years ago

Question 24

modern-day lineage of green algae and may resemble one of these early plant ancestors.

Answer 24

Charophytes

Question 25

Plants and present-day charophytes probably evolved from a

Answer 25

common ancestor

Question 26

Age of the oldest plant fossils is

Answer 26

470 million years ago

Question 27

4 Major Periods of plant evolution:

Answer 27

* 1. Terrestrial * 2. Vascularized * 3. Seeds * 4. Flowering

Question 28

About 470 million years ago, early diversification gave rise to nonvascular plants called

Answer 28

bryophytes

Question 29

lack lignified walls, true roots, and true leaves

Answer 29

bryophytes

Question 30

Bryophytes include

Answer 30

Mosses Liverworts Hornworts

Question 31

About 425 million years ago, ferns and a few other groups of vascular plants evolved with vascular tissue hardened with

Answer 31

lignin but without seeds

Question 32

When did ferns and a few other groups of vascular plants evolved with vascular tissue hardened with lignin but without seeds

Answer 32

About 425 million years ago

Question 33

About 425 million years ago, ferns and a few other groups of vascular plants evolved with ___ but without seeds.

Answer 33

vascular tissue hardened with lignin

Question 34

allowed vascular plants to grow much taller, rising above the ground to achieve significant height.

Answer 34

Lignin

Question 35

About 360 million years ago,___evolved with seeds that

Answer 35

gymnosperms

Question 36

About __ years ago, gymnosperms evolved with seeds

Answer 36

360 million

Question 37

consisted of an embryo packaged along with a store of food

Answer 37

Gymnosperms that evolved with seeds

Question 38

were packaged within a protective covering, but were not enclosed in any specialized chambers

Answer 38

Gymnosperms evolved with no seeds

Question 39

consist mainly of cone-bearing trees such as pines and are the most diverse and widespread gymnosperms

Answer 39

Conifers

Question 40

At least 140 million years ago,___ evolved with complex reproductive structures called flowers that bear seeds within protective chambers called ovaries.

Answer 40

angiosperms

Question 41

About _____ years ago angiosperms evolved with complex reproductive structures called flowers that bear seeds within protective chambers called ovaries.

Answer 41

140 million years ago

Question 42

evolved with complex reproductive structures called flowers that bear seeds within protective chambers called ovaries.

Answer 42

Angiosperms

Question 43

Are the great majority of living plants, are represented by more than 250,000 species, and include fruit and vegetable crops, grains and other grasses, most trees.

Answer 43

Angiosperms

Question 44

fruit and vegetable crops, grains and other grasses, most trees

Answer 44

Angiosperms

Question 45

Mosses, which are

Answer 45

Bryophytes

Question 46

Mosses, which are bryophytes, may sprawl as

Answer 46

Low mats over acres of land

Question 47

Mosses display two of the key terrestrial adaptations that made the move onto land possible:

Answer 47

1. a waxy cuticle that helps prevent dehydration and | 2. the retention of developing embryos within the female plant.

Question 48

Mosses need what to reproduce?

Answer 48

Water

Question 49

The green, spongelike plant that is the more obvious

Answer 49

Gametophyte

Question 50

The other form of the moss, called a ___, grows out of a gametophyte as a stalk with a capsule at its tip.

Answer 50

sporophyte

Question 51

The life cycle of a moss exhibits an alternation of generations, shifting between the _____ and ____ forms

Answer 51

gametophyte and sporophyte

Question 52

Moss exhibits a what in its life cycle?

Answer 52

Alternation of generation

Question 53

Gametophytes produce gametes that unite to form ___, which develop into new ____.

Answer 53

zygotes; sporophytes

Question 54

Mosses and other bryophytes are unique in having the___ as the larger, more obvious plant.

Answer 54

gametophyte

Question 55

___ are by far the most diverse seedless vascular plants

Answer 55

Ferns

Question 56

Have a flagella and must swim through a film of water to fertilize eggs

Answer 56

Sperm of ferns

Question 57

formed from the remains of long-dead organisms including coal, oil, and natural gas

Answer 57

Fossil fuels

Question 58

The burning of fossil fuels releases ____ and other gases that contribute to global climate change.

Answer 58

Carbon dioxide

Question 59

The environment turned dry and cold so Gymnosperms

Answer 59

- complete their life cycles on dry land and | - withstand long, harsh winters.

Question 60

The descendants of early gymnosperms include the

Answer 60

conifers, or cone-bearing plants

Question 61

cover much of northern Eurasia and North America

Answer 61

Conifers

Question 62

evergreens that retain their leaves throughout the year

Answer 62

Conifers

Question 63

include the tallest, largest, and oldest organisms on Earth

Answer 63

Conifers

Question 64

Lumber for building and wood pulp for paper production

Answer 64

Conifers

Question 65

Most gymnosperms have three additional terrestrial adaptations that make survival in diverse terrestrial habitats possible:

Answer 65

1. further reduction of the gametophyte 2. pollen 3. seeds

Question 66

A pine tree or other conifer is actually a _____ with tiny ____ living in cones.

Answer 66

Sporophyte; gametophytes

Question 67

A second adaptation of seed plants to dry land came with the evolution of __

Answer 67

pollen

Question 68

the delivery of this from the male parts of a plant to the female parts of a plant, occurs via wind

Answer 68

Pollination

Question 69

The third terrestrial adaptation was the development of the

Answer 69

Seed

Question 70

The third terrestrial adaptation was the development of the seed, consisting of an

Answer 70

Embryo Food supply A protective coat

Question 71

Seeds develop from ovules, structures that contain the

Answer 71

female gametophytes

Question 72

Seeds develop from the

Answer 72

Ovules

Question 73

In conifers, the ovules are located on the scales of

Answer 73

female cones

Question 74

Seeds can remain ___ for up to years

Answer 74

dormant

Question 75

Under favorable conditions, the seed can then ____, and its embryo emerges through the ___ as a seedling.

Answer 75

germinate, or sprout seed coat

Question 76

Angiosperms now dominate the landscape and their successes are

Answer 76

Highly modified vascular tissue Flowering plants

Question 77

Flowers are the site of

Answer 77

procreation

Question 78

Angiosperms that rely on

Answer 78

wind pollination

Question 79

small flowers and Reproductive energy goes into making lots of pollen

Answer 79

Angiosperms aand wind pollen

Question 80

are heterotrophs and acquire their nutrients by absorption.

Answer 80

Fungi

Question 81

• Fungi are heterotrophs and acquire their nutrients by ___.

Answer 81

absorption

Question 82

A fungus digests food outside its body by secreting powerful ——into the food that decompose ——— to simpler compounds that the fungus can absorb.

Answer 82

digestive enzymes complex molecules

Question 83

The bodies of most fungi are constructed of threadlike filaments called

Answer 83

hyphae

Question 84

are minute threads of cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane

Answer 84

Fungal hyphae

Question 85

Cell walls usually composed of ____, a strong but flexible polysaccharide that is also found in the external skeletons of insects.

Answer 85

Chitin

Question 86

chitin is strong but flexible _____ that is also found in the external skeletons of insects.

Answer 86

Polysaccharide

Question 87

Hyphae branch repeatedly, forming an interwoven network called

Answer 87

mycelium

Question 88

the feeding structure of the fungus

Answer 88

Mycelium