Chapter 13: Learning And Memory Flashcards
Stimulus-Response Learning
Learning to automatically make particular stimulus
Conditioning
Learning from exposures to stimuli to produce lasting change in behavior
Classical Conditioning
When stimulus that initially produces no particular response is followed several times by unconditioned stimulus that produces a defensive or appetitive response (the unconditioned response), the first stimulus (now a conditioned stimulus) itself evokes response (now closed conditioned response)
Hebb Rule
Hypothesis proposed by Donald Herb that cellular basis of learning involved strengthening of synapse that is repeatedly active when postsynaptic neuron fires
Operant Conditioning
Learning procedure whereby effects of particular behavior in particular situation increase (reinforce) or decrease (punish) probability of the behavior
Reinforcing Stimulus
Appetitive stimulus that follows particular behavior and thus makes behavior become more frequent
Punishing Stimulus
Aversive stimulus that follows particular behavior and thus makes behavior become less frequent
Motor Learning
Learning to make new response
- Establishes changes within motor systems following a stimulus - Requires sensory guidance from environment
Perceptual Learning
Learning to recognize particular stimulus
- Each of out sensory systems is capable of perceptual learning
Relational Learning
Learning the relationships among individual stimuli
Episodic Learning
Remembering sequences of events that we witness- requires us to keep track of and remember not only individual events, but also order in which they occur
Sensory Memory
Initial sensation of environmental stimuli is initially remembered
Short-Term Memory
If info is meaningful or salient enough to be passed from sensory memory —> STM
- Second- minutes - Length of STM can be extended through rehearsal - Chunking- grouping pieces of info together
Long-Term Memory
Info that will be retained from STM is consolidated into LTM
Nondeclarative Memory
Memory whose formation does not depend on hippocampal formation
- Collective term for perceptual, stimulus- response, and motor memory - Memories that we aren’t necessarily conscious of - Operate automatically
Declarative Memory
Memory that can be verbally expressed, such as memory for events in person’s past
Episodic Memory
Memory of collection of perceptions of events organized in time and identified by particular context
- Must be learned all at once
Semantic Memory
Memory of facts and general info
- Can be acquired gradually, over time
Information about CS reaches […]
Information about CS reaches lateral nucleus of amygdala
- Contains neurons whose axons project to central nucleus
When individual encounters a painful stimulus, somatosensory input activates strong synapses in lateral nucleus —>
Neurons in this nucleus begin firing, which activates neurons in central nucleus, evoking an unlearned emotional response
Changes in […] using Glu are responsible for LTP
Changes in lateral amygdala using Glu are responsible for LTP
2 major pathways between sensory and motor associations cortex
- Direct transcortical connections
- Connections via basal ganglia and thalamus
Direct transcortical connections
Involved in acquiring episodic memories
Connections via basal ganglia and thalamus
- As learned behaviors become automatic and routing, they’re transferred to basal ganglia
- Neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) receives info from all regions of cerebral cortex
- Outputs of caudate and putamen —> globes pallidus —> frontal cortex and primary motor cortex
