Chapter 3: Strucure Of The Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
Brain
A
Neurons, glia, and other supporting cells and floats in pool of cerebrospinal fluid
2
Q
Cerebrospinal Fluid
A
Clear fluid, similar to brain plasma that fills ventricular system of the brain and subarachnoid space surrounding brain and spinal cord
3
Q
Neuroaxis
A
Imaginary line drawn through center of length of CNS, from bottom of spinal cord to front of forebrain
4
Q
Rostral
A
“Toward the beak”
Front of face
5
Q
Anterior
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Located near or toward the head
6
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Medial
A
Toward middle of body, away from side
7
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Dorsal
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“Toward of back”
Toward top of head or back
Perpendicular to neuroaxis
8
Q
Caudal
A
“Toward the tail”
Away from front of face
9
Q
Posterior
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Located near or toward the tail
10
Q
Ventral
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“Toward the belly”
Bottom of skull or front surface of the body
11
Q
Lateral
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Toward side of body, away from middle
12
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Ipsilateral
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Located on the same side of the body
13
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Contralateral
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Located on opposite side of body
14
Q
Cerebral Cortex
A
Outermost later of gray matter of cerebral hemispheres
15
Q
3 ways of slice human nervous system
A
- Coronal
- Parallel
- Perpendicular
16
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Coronal
A
Cut to middle to divide brain into front and back halves
- Frontal Sections
17
Q
Frontal Sections
A
Slice through Brian parallel to forehead
18
Q
Parallel sections
A
Cut to divide brain into top half and bottom half
- Horizontal Section
19
Q
Horizontal Sections
A
Slice through brain parallel to ground
20
Q
Perpendicular sections
A
Aka sagital section
- Midsagittal plane
21
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Sagital section
A
Slice through brain parallel to neuroaxis and perpendicular to ground
22
Q
Midsaggital Plane
A
Divides brain into two symmetrical left and right halves
23
Q
3 layers of meninges in CNS
A
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid membrane
- Pia mater
24
Q
Dura mater
A
Outermost of meninges
Tough and flexible
25
Arachnoid Membrane
Middle later of meninges, located between outer dura mater and inner pia mater
26
Pia mater
Layer of meninges that clings to surface of brain
| Thin and delicate
27
Subarachnoid Space
Fluid-filled space that cushions brain
| - in between arachnoid membrane and pia mater
28
PNS meninges
Only has dura mater and pia mater
29
Ventricle
One of hollow spaces within the brain, filled with CSF
30
Lateral Ventricle
One of two ventricles located in center of telencephalon
31
Third Ventricle
Ventricle located in center of diencephalon
32
Massa Intermedia
Bridge of neural tissue that crosses through middle of third ventricle
33
Cerebral Aqueduct
Narrow tube interconnecting third and fourth ventricles of brain, located in center of mesencephalon
34
Fourth Ventricle
Ventricle located between cerebellum and dorsal pons, in centerof metencephalon
35
CSF is made up of […]
Choroid plexus
36
Choroid plexus
Highly vascular tissue that protrudes into ventricles and produces CSF
37
Arachnoid Granulation
Small projections of arachnoid membrane through dura mater into superior sagital sinus
38
Forebrain
Lateral: Telencephalon: Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia, Limbic System
Third: Diencephalon: Thalamus, Hypothalamus
39
Midbrain
Cerebral Aqueduct: Mesencephalon: tectum, tegmentum
40
Hindbrain
Fourth: Metencephalon: Cerebellum, pons
Fourth: Myelencephalon: medulla oblongata
41
Cerebral Cortex
Surrounds cerebral hemispheres; aka gray matter
- primary visual cortex, primary auditory cortex, primary somatosensory cortex
42
Basal ganglia
Group of subcortical nuclei in telencephalon, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen
- importnat parts of motor system
43
Limbic System
Group of brain regions including anterior thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, and parts of hypothalamus, as well as their interconnecting fiber bundles
- also consists of fornix and mammillary bodies
44
Fornix
Connects hippocampus with other parts of brain
45
Thalamus
Contains nuclei that project specific info to specific regions of cerebral cortex and receive info from it
- lateral geniculate nucleus, medial geniculate nucleus, and ventrolateral nucleus
46
Hypothalamus
Involved in regulations of ANS, control of anterior and posterior pituitary glands and integration of species- typical behaviors
- right behind optic chiasm
47
Tectum
Includes superior colliculi (visual system) and inferior colliculi (auditory system)
48
Tegmentum
Includes nuclei controlling eye movements, PAG (pain sensation), red nucleus, substantia nigra, VTA and reticular formation
49
Cerebellum
Covered by cerebellar cortex and has set of deep cerebellar nuclei
- receive projections from cerebellar cortex and send projections out of cerebellum to other parts of brain
- attached to dorsal surface of pons by superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles
- integrates info and modifies motor outflow
50
Pons
Important in sleep and arousal
- relays info from cerebral cortex to cerebellum
51
Medulla Oblongata
Contains part of reticular formation, incliding nuclei that control vital function such as regulation of cardiovascular system, respiration, and skeletal muscle tone
52
Cerebral Hemisphere
One of two major portions of forebrain, covered by cerbral cortex
53
Cerebrum
Consists of two cerbral hemispheres
54
Subcortical Regions
Regions located within brain, beneath cortical surface
55
Sulcus
Groove in surface of cerebral hemisphere, smaller than fissure
56
Fissure
Major groove in surface of brain, longer than sulcus
57
Gyrus
Convolution of cortex of cerebral hemispheres, separated by sulci or fissures
58
Calcarine Fissure
Fissure in occipital lobe on medial surface of brain
| - most of the primary visual cortex is located along its upper and lower banks
59
Lateral Fissure
Fissure that separates temporal lobe from overlying frontal and parietal lobes
60
Central Sulcus
Sulcus that separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe
61
Insular Cortex
Sunken region of cerebral cortex that is normally covered by rostral superior temporal lobe and caudal inferior frontal lobe
- Sensory info and emotinal valence
62
Sensory Assocaition Cortex
Regions of cerebral cortex that receive info from regions of primary sensory cortex
63
Motor Association Cortex
Region of frontal lobe rostral to primary motor cortex
64
Prefrontal Cortex
Region of frontal lobe rostral to motor association cortex
65
Nucleus
Identifiable group of neural cell bodies in CNS
66
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Receives fibers from retina and projects fibers to primary visual cortex
67
Medial Geniculate Nucleus
Recieves fibers from auditory system and projects fibers to primary auditory cortex
68
Ventrolateral Nucleus
Nucleus of thalamus that receives input from cerebellum and sends axons to primary motor cortex
69
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by hypothalamic hormones
70
Neurosecretary Cell
Neuron that secretes hormone or hormone-like substance
71
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Endocrine gland that contained hormone-secreting terminal buttons of axons whose cell bodies lie within hypothalamus
- produces and secretes oxytocin and vasopressin
72
Reticular Formation
Large network of neural tissue located in central region of brain stem
73
Periaqueductal Gray
Surrounds cerebral aqueduct
- contains neural circuits involved in species- typical behaviors
74
Red Nucleus
Receives input from cerebellum and motor cortex and sends axons to motor neurons in spinal cord
75
Substantia Nigra
Darkly stained region of tegmentum that contains neurons that communicate with caudate nucleus and putamen in basal ganglia
76
Spinal Cord
Composed of vertal column with 24 individual vertebrae and spinal roots
77
Dorsal Root
Spinal root that contains incoming (afferent) sensory fibers
- larger than ventral root
78
Ventral Root
Spinal root that contains outgoing (efferent) motor fibers
79
Spinal Root
Bundle of axons surrounded by connective tissue that occurs in pairs, which fuse and form spinal nerve
80
Cauda Equina
Bundle of spinal roots located caudal to end of spinal cord
81
Caudal Block
Anesthesia and paralysis of lower part of body produced by injection of local anesthetic into CSF surrounding cauda equina
82
Cranial Nerves
Peripheral nerves attach directly to brain
- 12 pairs
Ex. Vagus nerve
83
Olfactory Bulb
Protrusion at end of olfactory nerve
| - receives input from olfactory receptors
84
Spinal Nerve
Peripheral nerve attached to spinal cord
- nerves leave the vertebral column and travel to the muscles or sensory receptors they innervate (or supply), branching repeatedly as they go
85
Afferent Axon
Axon directed toward CNS, conveying senory info
86
Dorsal Root Ganglion
Nodule on dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent spinal nerve neurons
87
Efferent Axon
Axon directed away from CNS, conveying motor commands to muscles and glands
88
Somatic Nervous System
Part of PNS that controls movement of skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory info to CNS
89
Autonomic Nervous System
Portion of PNS that controls body’s vegetative functions
90
Sympathetic Division
Portion of ANS that controls functions that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy
91
Sympathetic Ganglia
Nodules that contain synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of sympathetic nervous system
92
Sympathetic Ganglion Chain
One pair of groups of sympathetic ganglia that lie ventrolateral to vertebral column
93
Preganglionic Neuron
Efferent neuron of ANS whose cell body is located in cranial nerve nucleus or immediate horn of spinal gray matter and whose terminrla buttons synapse upon postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia
94
Postganglionic Neuron
Neurons of ANS that form synapses directly with target organ
95
Parasympathetic Division
Portion of ANS that controls functions that occur during relaxed state
96
The brain floats in a bath of [...] within the [...]
The brain floats in a bath of CSF within the subarachnoid space
97
Frontal Lobe
anterior portion of the cerebral cortex, rostral to parietal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe
98
Parietal Lobe
the region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the frontal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe
99
Temporal Lobe
region of the cerebral cortex rostral to the occipital lobe and ventral to the parietal and frontal lobes
100
Occipital Lobe
region of cerebral cortex causal to the parietal and temporal lobes
101
Sensory Cortex
Telencephalon: primary visual cortex, primary auditory cortex, primary somatosensory cortex
102
Primary Visual Cortex
receives visual information
| - region of posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system
103
Primary Auditory Cortex
receives auditory information
| - the region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system
104
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
receives information from the body senses except olfaction and gustation
- the region of the anterior parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system
105
Lateralization in the Cerebral Cortex
some functions of cerebral hemispheres are lateralized
- Left: analyzes info
- Right: synthesizes info
106
Tentorium
tent-shaped duplicated fold of meningeal dura
107
Superior Colliculi
protrusions on top of the midbrain
| - part of visual system
108
Inferior Colliculi
protrusions on top of the midbrain
| - part of auditory system
109
Vagus Nerve
regulates functions of organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
