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Advanced Principles Of Neural Sciences > Chapter 5: Methods And Strategies Of Research > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Methods And Strategies Of Research Flashcards

1
Q

Experimental Ablation

A

Removal/ destruction of portion of brain of lab animals

  • functions that can no longer be performed are the ones the region previously controlled

= lesion study

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2
Q

Goal of Experimental Ablation

A

Discover what functions are performed by different regions of brain and to understand how functions are combined to accomplish particular behaviors

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3
Q

Produce Brain Lesions

A

Pass electrical current through stainless steel wire that is coated with insulated coating

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4
Q

Excitotoxic Lesion

A

Brain lesion produced by intracerebral injection of excitatory AA (ex. Kainic acid)

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5
Q

Sham lesion

A

Placebo procedure that duplicates all the steps of producing a brain lesion except one that actually causes brain damage

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6
Q

Muscimol

A

Local anesthetic into parts of brain

- stimulates GABA-R —> inactivates region of brain by inhibiting neurons located there

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7
Q

Optogenetics

A

Can be used to stimulate/ inhibit brain regions

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8
Q

Stereotaxic Surgery

A

Brain surgery using a stereotaxic apparatus to position an electrode or cannula in specified position of brain

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9
Q

Stereotaxis

A

Ability to locate objects in space

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10
Q

Stereotaxis Atlas

A

Collection of drawings of sections of brain of particular animal with measurements that provide coordinates for stereotaxic surgery

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11
Q

Bregma

A

Junction of sagital and coronal sutures of skull

- used as reference point for stereotaxic brain surgery

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12
Q

Stereotaxic Apparatus

A

Device that permits surgeon to position an electrode/ cannula into specific part of brain
- Used to treat chronic pain, movement disorders, epilepsy, depression, and OCD

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13
Q

Histological Methods: Fixation and Sectioning

A

Tissue must be preserved to prevent decomposition by baceria or molds

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14
Q

Fixative

A

Chemical used to prepare and preserve body tissue

ex. Formalin

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15
Q

Formalin

A

Aqueous solution of formaldehyde gas

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16
Q

Microtome

A

Instrument that produces very thing slices of body tissues

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17
Q

Cryostat

A

Instrument that produces very thin slices of body tissue inside freezer chamber

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18
Q

Staining dyes

A

Methylene blue

Cresyl violet

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19
Q

Immunocytochemical Method

A

Histological method that uses radioactive antibodies or antibodies bound with dye molecules to indicate presence of particular proteins of peptides

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20
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A

Microscope passes focused beam of electrons through thin slices of tissue to reveal extremely small details

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21
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A

Provides 3D info about shape of surface of small object by scanning object with thin beam of electrons

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22
Q

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

A

Microscope that provides high-resolution images of various depths of thick tissue that contains fluorescent molecules by scanning the tissue with light from laser beam

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23
Q

Tracing Efferent Neurons

A

Understand destination of neural pathway

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24
Q

Anterograde Labeling Method

A

Histological method that labels axons and terminal buttons of neurons whose cell bodies are located in particular region
- employ chems that are taken up by dendrites/ cell bodies

25
Tracing Afferent Neurons
Circuits before structure of interest
26
Retrograde Labeling Method
Histological method that labels cell bodies that give rise to terminal buttons that form synapses with cells in particular region - Employ chems that are taken up by terminal button
27
Computerized Tomography (CT)
Use of device that employs computer to analyze data obtained by scanning beam of X-rays to produce 2D picture of “slice” through body
28
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Technique where interior of body can be accurately imaged - Involves interaction between radio waves and strong magnetic field - Shows “slice” of brain - Better detail than CT
29
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
Imaging method that uses modified MRI scaner to reveal bundles of myelinated axons in living human brain - Movement of water molecules in bundles of white matter - Find location of fiber bundles in living human brain
30
Microelectrodes
Very fine electrode, generally used to record activity of individual neurons - Can be implanted permanently to record neural activity as animal moves
31
Single-Unit Recording
Recording of electrical activity of single neuron
32
Macroelectrodes
Electrode used to record electrical activity of large numbers of neurons in particular region of brain
33
Electroencephalogram
Electrical brain potential recorded by placing electrodes on scalp
34
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Procedure that detects groups of synchronously activated neurons by means of magnetic field induced by their electrical activity - Uses an array of SQUIDs - shows changes in brain activity quickly
35
2-deoxyglucose (2-DG)
Sugar that enters cells along with glucose but is not metabolized - Measures local glucose utilization in autoradiography - Measures regional metabolic activity of human brain
36
Autoradiography
Procedure that locates radioactive aubstances in slice of tissue - Radiation exposes photographic emulsion or piece of film that covers tissue - consuming radioactive 2-DG
37
Fos
Protein produced in nucleus of neuron in response to synaptic stimulation - When neurons activated —> immediate early genes turned on —> particular proteins produced
38
Functional Imaging
Computerized method of detecting metabolic or chemical changes in particular regions of brain
39
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Functional imaging method that reveals localization of radioactive tracer in living brain - can localize any radioactive substance taken up in human brain
40
Functional MRI (fMRI)
Functional imaging method that is modification of MRI procedure that permits measurement of regional metabolism in brain, usually by detecting changes in blood O2 level - Best spatial resolution - BOLD: blood O2 level-dependent signal - HIgher resolution than PET scans
41
Electrical Stimulation
Passes electrical current through wire inserted into brain using stereotaxic surgery
42
Chemical Stimulation
Inject small amount of excitatory AA (ex. Kainic acid) - Requires cannulas, tubes, special pumps or syringe - Activates cell bodies but not axons
43
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Stimulation of cerebral cortex by means of magnetic fields prodiced by passing pulses of electricity through coil of wite placed next to skull - Interferes with functions of brain region that is stimulated - Treats symptoms of neurological and mental disorders
44
Optogenetic Method
Use of genetically modified virus to insert light-sensitive ion channels into membrane of particular neurons in brain - can depolarize or hyperpolarize neurons when light of appropriate wavelength is applied - Stimulate or inhibit selected populations of neurons in specific brain region - used to study functions of particular neural circuit in brain
45
Immunocytochemical localization of peptide/ protein
- exposes brain tissue to antibodies - requires specific antibody - identify neurons producing a particular NT or neuromodulator
46
Immunocytochemical localization of enzyme responsible for synthesis of substance
- Useful if substance is not peptide/ protein | - Identify neurons producing a particular NT or neuromodulator
47
Microdialysis
Procedure for analyzing chemicals present in interstitial fluid by extracting them through small piece of tubing made of semipermeable membrane that is implanted in brain - Dialysis - Measures NT and neuromodulators released by neurons - Wide variety of substances can be analyzed
48
Dialysis
Process in which substances are separated by means of an artificial membrane that is permeable to some molecules but not others
49
Target Mutations
- Mutation gene produced in lab and inserted into chromosomes of mices - Alters production of functional protein
50
Conditional Knockouts
Animal’s genes to stop expressing a particular gene when the animal is given a particular drug
51
Antisense Oligonucleotides
- Modified strand of RNA or DNA that binds with a specific molecule of mRNA and prevents it from producing its protein - Prevents production of particular protein - Can produce changes in behavior - Antisense
52
Antisense
Synthetic oligonucleotides contain sequence of bases complementary to these contained by particular gene/ molecule of mRNA
53
CRISPR-Cas Method
- Technique that inactivate or alters the production of proteins by inserting new genetic sequences into DNA - Alters production of proteins thorugh changes to DNA - Breaks both strands at target site, causing cells to repair - Can inactivate gene, creating new gene sequence - Can create new genetic sequence, which can be inserted into DNA - Used to model neurodegenerative diseases caused by genetic mutation
54
Deep Brain Stimulation
technique using stereotaxis surgery to implant permanent electrode in brain - used to treat chronic pain, movement disorders, epilepsy, depression, and OCD
55
ChR2-ion channel
blue light causes channels to depolarize and let in Na+ and Ca2+
56
NpHR-ion channel
yellow causes channels to hyperpolarize and let in Cl-
57
Genome
complete set of genes that compose the DNA of a particular species
58
Allele
nature of the particular sequence of base pairs of DNA that constitutes a gene

Advanced Principles Of Neural Sciences (15 decks)

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