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Advanced Principles Of Neural Sciences > Chapter 2: Structure And Functions Of Cells Of The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Structure And Functions Of Cells Of The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Part of nervous system outside brain and spinal cord, including nerves attached to brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of individual neurons contained within protective membrane

  • relay sensory to CNS from body and motor info from CNS —> rest of body
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4
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Neuron that detects changes in external or internal environment and sends info about these changes to CNS

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5
Q

Motor Neuron

A

Neuron located within CNS that controls contraction of muscle or secretion

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6
Q

Interneuron

A

Neuron located in CNS in between sensory and motor neurons

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

Structure in central region of cell, containing chromosomes

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8
Q

Soma

A

Long, thin, cylindrical structure that conveys info from soma of neuron to its terminal buttons

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9
Q

Dendrite

A

Branched, treelike structure attached to soma of a neuron

  • receives info from terminal buttons of other neurons
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10
Q

Axon

A

Long, thin, cylindrical strcuture that conveys info from soma of neuron to its terminal buttons

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11
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Sheath that surrounds axons and insulates them, preventing messages from spreading between adjacent axons

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12
Q

Terminal Button

A

Bud at end of branch of an axon

  • sends info to that neuron
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13
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between terminal button of an axon and membrane of another neuron

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14
Q

Axoplasmic Transport

A

Active process by which substances are propelled along microtubules that run the length of axon

*anterograde and retrograde

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15
Q

Anterograde Transport

A

In direction along an axon from cell body toward terminal buttons

  • remarkably fast (500mm per day)
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16
Q

Retrograde Transport

A

In direction along an axon from terminal buttons toward cell body

  • half as fast as anterograde transport
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17
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical that is released by terminal button

- can be + or - to another neuron

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18
Q

Membrane

A

Structure consisting principally of lipid molecules that defines outer boundaries of a cell and constitutes many of cell organelles

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19
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Formed of microtubules and other protein fibers, linked to each other and forming cohesive mass that gives cell its shape

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20
Q

Microtubule

A

Long strand of bundles of protein filaments arranged around hollow core

  • involved in transporting substances from place to place within cell
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21
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Viscous, semiliquid substance contained in interior of cell

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22
Q

Chromosome

A

Strand of DNA, with associated proteins, found in nucleus

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23
Q

Gene

A

Functional unit of the chromosome, which directs synthesis of one or more proteins

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24
Q

Enzyme

A

Molecule that controls chemical reaction, combining or breaking substances

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25
Mitochondria
Organelles that are responsible for extracting energy from nutrients - Produces ATP
26
Glia
Supporting cells of CNS
27
Astrocytes
Provides support for neurons in CNS, provides nutrients and other substances, and regulates chemical composition of ECF - can have aquaporin - “neuron glue” - surround and isolate synapses, limiting dispersion of NTs - phagocytosis
28
Phagocytosis
Process by which cells engulf and digest other cells or debris caused by cellular degeneration
29
Oligodendrocytes
Type of glial cell in CNS that form myelin sheath - Node of Ranvier - one oligodendrocyte can produce up to 50 segments of myelin
30
Node of Ranvier
Nakes portion of myelinated axon between adjacent oligodendroglia or Schwaan cells
31
Microglia
Smallest of glial cells - act as phagocytes and protect brain from invading microorganisms - involved in inflammatory reaction following brain trauma
32
Schwaan Cells
Cell in PNS that is wrapped around myelinated axon, providing one segment of its myelin sheath - each PNS myelin segment consists of a single Schwann cell - chemical composition of myelin differs between CNS and PNS - MS is autoimmune attack of myelin in CNS
33
Blood-Brain Barrier
Semipermeable barrier between blood and brain produced by cells in the walls of brain’s capillaries - not uniform throughout nervous system - regulates composition of ECF - made up of astrocyte feet and tight junction layer - lipid soluble go through, water- soluble don’t Ex. Area postrema
34
Membrane Potential
electrical charge across cell membrane - difference in electical potential inside and outside cell
35
Resting Potential
membrane potential of neuron when it is not being altered by excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials - about 70mV in many neurons
36
Hyperpolarization
increase in membrane potential of cell, relative to normal resting potential
37
Depolarization
reduction of membrane potential of cell, relative to normal resting potential
38
Threshold of Excitation
value of membrane potential that must be reached to produce AP
39
Action Potential
brief electrical impulses that provides basis for conduction of information along axon
40
Electrical charge of membrane potential
balance between diffusion and electrostatic pressure
41
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration
42
Electrostatic Pressure
Attractive force between atomic particles charged with opposite signs or repulsive force between atomic particles charges with same sign
43
Ions
Charges molecules
44
Intracellular Fluid
Fluid contained in cell
45
Extracellular Fluid
Body fluids located outside the cell
46
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Pumps 3 Na out of cell and K into cell
47
Ion Channel
specialized protein molecule that permits specific ions to enter or leave cells
48
Voltage-Dependent Ion Channel
Ion channel that opens or closes according to value of membrane potential
49
All-or-None Law
Principle that once AP is triggered in an axon, it is propagated, without decrement, to end of fiber
50
Rate Law
Principle that variations in intensity of stimulus and other info being transmitted in an axon are represented by variations in rate at which axons fire
51
Decremental Conduction
When going through myelin sheath, size of electrical message decreases
52
Saltatory Conduction
Conduction of AP by myelinated axons -Node of Ranvier is only place on axon with Na-K pumps
53
Another way to increase AP propogation speed
Increase diameter of neuron
54
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
a molecule of prime importance to cellular energy metabolism | - its breakdown liberates energy
55
Area postrema
region of the medulla where the BBB is weak; poisons can be detected there and can initiate vomiting
56
Synaptic Transmission
relaying messages from one neuron to another across synapse
57
Postsynaptic Potential
alterations in membrane potential of postsynaptic neuron, produced by liberation of NT at synapse
58
Binding Site
location on receptor protein to which ligand binds
59
Ligand
chemical that binds with binding site of receptor
60
Dendritic Spine
small bud on surface of dendrite, with which terminal button of another neurons forms a synapse
61
Neurotransmitters exert effects by attaching to [...]
Neurotransmitters exert effects by attaching to binding sites
62
Presynaptic Membrane
membrane of terminal button that lies adjacent to postsynaptic membrane and through which NT is released
63
Postsynaptic Membrane
cell membrane opposite terminal button in synapse
64
[...] are made of membrane and filled with molecules
Synaptic vesicles are made of membrane and filled with molecules
65
Synaptic Vesicles
small, hollow beadlike structure found in terminal buttons | - contains molecules of NT
66
Release of Neurotransmitters
Released when synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane and break open, spilling content into synaptic cleft
67
Postsynaptic Receptor
receptor molecule in postsynaptic membrane of synapse that contains binding site for NT
68
Neurotransmitter-Dependent Ion Channel
ion channel that opens when molecule of NT bind with postsynaptic receptor
69
Ionotropic Receptor
receptor that contain binding site for NT and ion channel that opens when molecule of NT attaches to binding site
70
Metabotropic Receptor
receptor that contains binding site for NT - Activates enzyme that begins series of events that open ion channel elsewhere in membrane of cell when molecule of NT attaches to to binding site - G protein - Second Messenger
71
G protein
protein couples to metabotropic receptor | - conveys messages to other molecules when ligand binds with and activates receptor
72
Second Messenger
chemical produced when G protein activates on enzyme | - carries signal that results in opening of ion channel or causes other events to occur in cell
73
Ion channels in postsynaptic membrane
Na+: most important source of EPSP K+: IPSP Cl-: opened by inhibitory NTs; works when membrane is already depolarized; IPSPs Ca2+: EPSPs; NT release; activates enzymes
74
Excitatory Presynaptic Potential (EPSP)
excitatory depolarization of postsynaptic membrane of synapse caused by liberation of NT by terminal button
75
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
inhibitory hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane of synapse caused by liberation of NT by terminal button
76
Reuptake
reentry of NT released from terminal button back through its membrane
77
Enzymatic Deactivation
destruction of NT by enzyme after release ex. AChE deactivates ACh
78
Neural Integration
process by which EPSPs and IPSPs summate and control rate of firing a neuron
79
Rate of neuron firing controlled by excitatory and inhibitory input to its dendrites and soma
- If activity of excitatory synapses goes up, rate of firing will increase - If activity of inhibitory synapses goes up, rate of firing will decrease
80
Autoreceptors
- Neurons which respond to NT that they release - Mostly regulates internal processes, such as synthesis and release of NTs - Inhibitory
81
Axoaxonic Synapse
Alter amount of NT released by terminal buttons (much like AR) - can produce presynaptic modulation
82
Presynaptic Modulation
- Presynaptic inhibition | - Presynaptic facilitation
83
Presynaptic inhibition
reduces amount of NT released by postsynaptic terminal button
84
Presynaptic Facilitation
increases amount of NT released by postsynaptic terminal
85
Neuromodulators
chemicals released by neurons that travel farther and dispersed more widely than NTs - most are peptides
86
Peptide
chain of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds
87
Hormones
secreted by endocrine glands or cells in various organs - distributed through bloodstream - target cells
88
Target Cells
type of cell that is directly affected by hormone or other chemical signal - contain receptors for particular hormones - distributed through bloodstream

Advanced Principles Of Neural Sciences (15 decks)

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