Chapter 14: Human Communication Flashcards
(73 cards)
1
Q
Aphasia
A
Disturbance in the comprehension or production of language
- caused by brain damage
- Broca’s aphasia - Wernicke’s aphasia
2
Q
Broca’s Area
A
Important in language production
- left frontal lobe
3
Q
Wernicke’s area
A
Important in language comprehension
- left temporal gyrus
4
Q
Left Hemisphere in language
A
Controls comprehension and production
5
Q
Right hemisphere in language
A
Controls activities like reading maps, perceiving spatial relations, recognizing complex geometrical forms, organizing a narrative, the expressions and recognition of emotion in the tone of voice and prosody
6
Q
Split-Brain Operation
A
Brain surgery that is occasionally performed to treat a form of epilepsy
- Surgeon cuts corpus callosum, which connects two hemispheres of brain
7
Q
Factors in language production
A
Occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes of brain are involved in perceptions of current and past events
- involves brain mechanisms in posterior part of cerebral hemispheres - Largely responsible for having something to say and ability to tell story about it
8
Q
Factors in Language Comprehension
A
- Recognizing words may be auditory or visual
- Comprehension involves recognition of word using Wernicke’s area in the left temporal lobe in auditory association cortex
- Must also understand the meanings of words and memories associated with them
- Comprehension of figurative aspects of language involves right hemisphere
- Metaphors (right superior temporal cortex), proverbs, moral stories
9
Q
Bilingualism
A
Ability to communicate fluently in two languages
10
Q
Bilingualism Brain Structures
A
- Common and language-specific areas found in the frontal and posterior temporal/parietal cortexes
- Language- specific areas found in some subcortical structures
- Density of grey matter and increased density in left parietal cortex of bilingual compared to monolingual individuals
11
Q
Prosody
A
Rhythmic, emphatic, and melodic aspects of speech - important means of communication of emotion
- Function of the right hemisphere - likely related to musical skills, expression and recognition of emotions
12
Q
Prosody: Broca’s area
A
Can cause deficits in prosody
13
Q
Prosody: Wernicke’s area
A
Prosody is unaffected
14
Q
Recognition of People’s Voices
A
- Regions of right hemispheres are involved in recognizing specific voices
- Phonagnosia
15
Q
Phonagnosia
A
Caused by damage to parietal lobe or anterior superior temporal cortex
16
Q
Broca’s aphasia
A
Caused by damage to frontal lobes: produces agrammatism, anomia, articulation difficulties
- Can comprehend language better than produce it - Difficulty in using function words - Reliance on context words - Can also be caused by lesions of the basal ganglia
17
Q
Agrammatism
A
Difficulty in comprehending or properly employing grammatical devices
18
Q
Anomia
A
Difficulty in finding (remembering) the appropriate word to describe subject, action, or attribute
19
Q
Function words
A
Preposition, article, or other word that conveys little meaning of sentence but is important in specifying its grammatical structure
20
Q
Content Words
A
Noun, verb, adjective, adverb that conveys meaning
21
Q
Broca’s Aphasia Physiology
A
- Includes damage to underlying subcortical white matter, bundles of axons
- Motor memories- of the sequences of muscular movements that are needed to articulate words
- Basal ganglia involvement- especia;;y head of caudate nucleus
- Broca’s area has projections to primary motor cortex
22
Q
Speech Production in Broca’s Area
A
Contains motor memories
- Memories of sequences of muscular movements that are needed to articulate words - Damage to inferior caudal left frontal lobe disrupts ability to articulate words, this region is likely candidate for talking
23
Q
Speech Production: Articulation Difficulties
A
- Individuals with Broca’s aphasia also have difficulty in articulation
- Broca’s patients recognize that pronunciation is incorrect and try to correct it
- Pronunciation of words caused activation of left anterior insula
24
Q
Wernicke’s Aphasia
A
Receptive aphasia caused by damage to Wernicke’s area in the left hemisphere and the posterior language area
- Afflicted individuals seem unaware of deficits - Poor language comprehension and production of meaningless speech - People use few content words and words strung together don’t make sense
25
Wernicke’s Aphasia Abilities Disrupted
- Recognition of speaking words
- Comprehension of meaning of words
- Ability of convert thoughts into words
26
Pure Word Deafness
Ability to hear, speak, and usually to read and write without being able to comprehend meaning of speech
- Can recognize emotion by intonation of speech, but can’t understand what is being said
- Speech deficit is restricted only to recognition of spoken words
27
Wernicke Speech Sounds
Location of memories of sequences of sounds that constitute words
- Auditory association cortex of superior temporal gyrus recognized sounds of words
- Left Hemisphere: rapidly changing complex sounds
- Right Hemisphere: more slowly changing components, like melody
28
Mirror Neurons
Neurons activated when we either perform an action or see action performed by someone else
- Speech: temporal and frontal cortical language areas were activated
29
Posterior Language Area
Wernicke’s aphasia
- Lateral fissure, near junction of temporal, occipital, and parietal lobes
- Place for interchanging info between auditory representation of words and meaning of words and meaning of words, stored as memories in rest of sensory associations cortex
30
Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
Caused by damage to the posterior language area
| - patients can’t understand the meanings of words but can repeat them
31
Anomia Aphasia
Fluent and grammatical and good comprehension, but they have difficulty finding appropriate words
- Posterior lesions
- Circumlocution
32
Circumlocution
Strategy by which people with anomia find alternative wats to say something when they are unable to think of most appropriate word
33
Conduction Aphasia
- Fluent and meaningful speech with good comprehension, but very poor repetition
- Caused by damage to arcuate fascículus
- Second pathway, between the posterior language area and Broca’s area, is indirect and is based on the meaning of words, not on the sounds they make
34
Arcuate Fasciculus
Suggests direct connection between Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area
35
[…] connects Broca’s area with […]
Anterior segment connected Broca’s area with inferior parietal cortex
36
[…] connects Wernicke’s area with […]
Posterior segment connects Wernicke’s area with inferior parietal cortex
37
Conduction Aphasia
The arcuate fascículos is responsible for a phonological loop
38
Conduction Aphasia Deaf Individuals
Use of narrative devices such as facial expressions or movements of heads, eyes, and body, inferior frontal cortex and superior temporal cortex of right hemisphere were activated in edition to expected language regions of left hemisphere
39
Sign Language
- Expressed by movements of the hands; most common form of ASL
- Left hemisphere plays more important role (as it does in spoken language)
- Role of mirror neurons
40
Stuttering
- Characterized by pauses, prolongation of sounds or repetitions of sounds, syllables or words that disrupts normal flow of speech
- Influenced by genetic factors
- Abnormal auditory feedback
- Caused by abnormalities in neural mechanisms involved in planning and initiating speech
41
Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms
Excessive activation of Broca’s area and insula (regions involved in articulation), supplementary motor area, and vermis of cerebellum, as well as absence of activation in auditory regions of temporal lobe
42
Delayed auditory feedback
Procedure in which person wearing headphones tries to speak normally while hearing their own voice, which is delayed, usually by 50-200 msec
43
Stuttering Physiology
Axons in white matter connect ventral premotor cortex with regions of superior temperal cortex and inferior parietal cortex that are involved in integrating planning of speech with auditory feedback from one’s own voice
44
Reading and Writing
- Brain damage can also produce reading and writing disorders
- Aphasia usually accompanied by parallel reading and writing deficits
45
Reading and Writing: Wernicke’s aphasia
Much difficulty reading and writing
46
Reading and Writing: Broca’s aphasia
Comprehend what they read, but poor reading aloud
47
Reading and Writing: Conduction aphasia
Generally have some difficulty reading (make semantic paraphasias)
48
Reading and Writing: Transcortical sensory aphasia
Read aloud accurately but might not comprehend
49
Pure Alexia
Loss of ability to read without loss of ability to write
| - Lesions in visual cortex of left occipital lobe and posterior end of corpus callosum
50
Pure Alexia Symptoms
- Perceptual disorder characterized by loss of ability to read without loss of the ability to write; produced by brain damage
- Can recognize words spelled aloud
- Visual information prevented from reaching visual association cortex
- Patients have difficulty with visual, not auditory, input
51
Reading: Role of the Brain
Reading involves two processes
- Whole-word reading
- Phonetic reading
Study of dyslexias provided info about brain mechs involved in reading
- Acquired dyslexia
- Developmental dyslexia
52
Whole-Word Reading
Reading by recognizing word as a whole
| “Sight reading”
53
Phonetic Reading
Reading by decoding phonetic significance of letter strings
| “Sound reading”
54
Dyslexia
Faulty reading
55
Acquired Dyslexia
Damage to brains of people who know how to read
- Surface dyslexia
- Direct dyslexia
- Phonological dyslexia
56
Developmental Dyslexia
Difficulties when children are learning to read
- Reading difficulty in person of normal intelligence and perceptual ability
- Involves more than deficits in reading
- Phonological impairments
- Difficulty in writing
- Have difficulty blending or rearranging sounds of words that they hear
57
Surface dyslexia
Reading disorder in which a person can read words phonetically but has difficulty reading irregularly spelled words by whole-word method
- deficit in whole-word reading
58
Direct dyslexia
Language disorder caused by brain damage in which person can read words aloud without understanding them
- deficit in understanding written words
59
Phonological dyslexia
Reading disorder in which person can read familiar words but has difficulty reading unfamiliar words or pronounceable nonwords
- deficit in sounding words out
60
Visual Word-Form Area (VWFA)
Region of fusiforme gyrus on base of temporal lobe that plays critical role in whole-word recognition
- Surrounds junction of inferior parietal lobe and superior temporal lobe
61
VWFA plays a central role in […]
VWFA plays a central role in both phonological and whole-word reading
62
VWFA: part of […] must be involved in perceiving written words
VWFA: part of visual association cortex must be involved in perceiving written words
63
Damage to VWFA produces […]
Damage to VWFA produces surface dyslexia and impaired whole-word reading
- VWFA can recognize word even if it closely resembles another one
64
Plasticity in VWFA
- Written language is a recent invention
- Brain plasticity allowed development of language and writing systems across many cultures
- Fluency and literacy can develop quickly
- Importance of constancy in visual system, such as ways lines meet at vertices
65
Understanding of Reading
- Reading skill is positively associated with activation of VWFA
- Decreased activation in left temporoparietal cortex and in VWFA for dyslexics
- Hyperactivation of left inferior frontal cortex and Broca’s area
66
Role of Brain in Understanding of Writing
- Dysgraphia is a writing disturbance, common with dyslexia
- Many brain regions involved
- Motor aspects involve the dorsal parietal cortex and premotor cortex
- Brain damage can disrupt ability to form letters or impair ability to spell
67
Skills Used in Writing
- Audition
- Vision
- Memorization
- Motor memory
68
Audition
Sound recognition —> say—> read—>write
69
Motor memory
Left cortex are uniquely involved in motor memory for typing
| - Dystexia
70
Dystexia
Deficits in motor memory for texting on cell phone
| - Stroke affecting junction between left parietal and occipital lobes
71
Neural Basis of Writing
Brain damage can impair writing
- Phonological dysgraphia
- Orthographic dysgraphia
- Memory deficits
Direct dysgraphia is similar to direct dyslexia
72
Phonological Dysgraphia
Writing disorder in which person cannot sound out words and write them phonetically
- Damage to Broca’s area, ventral pre central gyrus, and insula
73
Orthographic Dysgraphia
Writing disorder in which person can spell regularly spelled words but not irregularly spelled ones
