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Nurs 1010 > Chapter 13: Skin hair and nail > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Skin hair and nail Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

The skin is made up of three layers

A

the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

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2
Q

Epidermis

A

the outermost layer of the skin. It is avascular, meaning no blood vessels flow through this layer. So the epidermis receives nutrients from the dermis layer beneath it. Subcutaneous layer filled with fatty cells

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3
Q

Dermis

A

The dermis is highly vascular, meaning there is a rich blood supply. It separates the epidermis from the cutaneous adipose, or fatty, tissue. Composed of stratum corneum and cellular stratum

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4
Q

Hypodermis

A

The hypodermis connects the dermis to the underlying organs. It contains a subcutaneous layer filled with fatty cells. Composed of elastin, collagen, and sensory nerve fibers

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5
Q

Epidermal cells that migrate into

A

into the dermal layer of the skin form hair

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6
Q

Hair has three parts:

A

the follicle, shaft, and papilla

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7
Q

melanocyte

A

a body cell capable of producing melanin

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8
Q

Nails are epidermal cells that have been converted into hard plates of what?

A

Keratin

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9
Q

What cells, present in the shaft, provide color to the hair?

A

Melanocytes

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10
Q

Which nail structure lies beneath the nail plate and is responsible for the pink color of a healthy nail?

A

The nail bed lies beneath the nail plate and is responsible for the pink color of healthy nails.

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11
Q

Which type of hair is short, fine, and nonpigmented?

A

Vellus hair is short, fine, and nonpigmented

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12
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

It protects underlying structures against microbial and foreign substance invasion and against minor physical trauma. It also serves as a physical barrier against fluid loss and regulates body temperature

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13
Q

Other functions of the skin include:

A

Sensory perception via free nerve endings and specialized sensory receptors
Production of vitamin D
Blood pressure regulation through constriction of skin blood vessels
Repair of surface wounds by exaggerating normal cell replacement processes
Excretion of sweat, urea, and lactic acid
Expressing emotions—during times of stress and embarrassment, for example, the skin reacts with sweat and warmth.

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14
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

regulate body temperature through secretion of water. Glands that open directly to the surface of the skin

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15
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

emotional sweat response

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16
Q

The skin regulates blood pressure in which way?

A

Constriction of blood vessels

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17
Q

Which layer of the skin provides insulation?

A

Hypodermis

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18
Q

What skin appendage regulates body temperature through secretion of water?

A

Eccrine sweat glands

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19
Q

Which skin layer protects the body against environmental substances and restricts water loss?

A

Stratum corneum
The stratum corneum restricts water loss and protects against environmental threats.

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20
Q

Which skin structure is responsible for connecting the epidermis to the dermis?

A

Basement membrane

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21
Q

Which questions are important to include in the history of present illness for a patient who presents with a skin lesion?

A

“What have you been doing to treat the lesion?”

“Has the lesion responded to any treatment?”

“Has the lesion changed since you first noticed it?”

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22
Q

Which questions are important to ask regarding the history of present illness related to skin integrity?

A

“Has your skin had an unusual odor?”
“Have you noticed excessive perspiration?”
“Have you noted any changes in your moles?”
“Have you noted any lesions that are chronically irritated?”

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23
Q

Which questions should the nurse ask as part of the history of present illness to gain more information about recent hair changes?

A

“Have you noticed any hair loss or unusual hair growth recently?”
“Have you noticed a change in your hair’s texture?”
“Have you noticed any changes in your hair’s color?”

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24
Q

Which question should the nurse ask a patient regarding recent dietary habits as part of the history of present illness?

A

“Can you describe what you were eating when the symptoms appeared?”

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25
When gathering medical history related to the skin, the nurse should ask the patient about:
Ask about past skin issues like rashes, allergies, eczema, or psoriasis. Ask about sun exposure, tanning habits, and history of sunburns. Ask about changes in skin sensitivity (touch or pressure). Ask about any major illnesses (heart, lung, liver, endocrine, or other diseases).
26
Past Medical History: Hair
Ask about hair loss, thinning, brittle hair, or changes in hair growth. Ask about health conditions like thyroid problems, liver disease, poor nutrition, or skin issues.
27
Past Medical History: Nails
Ask about nail injuries or infections (bacterial, fungal, or viral). Ask about related skin problems or health issues (heart, lung, or blood disorders).
28
Skin Care Habits during the personal/social history interview
Ask about their daily skin cleansing routine. Ask what soaps, oils, or lotions they use. Ask if they use cosmetics or makeup products. Ask about any home remedies or skin treatments they use. Ask about how often they’re in the sun and if they use sunscreen. Ask about any past sunburns. Ask if they’ve recently changed their skin care routine.
29
Hair Care Habits during the personal/social history interview
Ask about their usual hair washing routine. Ask what shampoos, conditioners, or rinses they use. Ask if they color their hair. Ask if they use chemicals like relaxers or perms. Ask if they’ve recently changed their hair care routine.
30
Nail Care Habits during the personal/social history interview
Ask how they usually clean and care for their nails. Ask if they have trouble cutting or trimming their nails. Ask what tools they use for nail care. Ask if they bite their nails. Ask if they use artificial nails or nail overlays.
31
As part of the medical/surgical history related to the hair, which questions should the nurse ask a patient regarding previous hair problems?
“Has your hair been brittle or does it break easily?” “Have you experienced hair thinning or loss?”
32
Which questions regarding a patient’s tendency to tan would inform the nurse that the patient is at higher risk for skin cancer?
“Do you burn easily?” “How easily do you tan?”
33
Which question should the nurse ask a patient regarding personal nail care habits as part of a comprehensive personal history?
“Can you describe your cleansing routine?”
34
Which question regarding family history should the nurse ask a patient who presents with scaly skin lesions?
“Has anyone in your family been diagnosed with any dermatologic diseases?”
35
Which history of present illness questions are important for the nurse to ask regarding the sequence of events associated with a recent skin abnormality?
“Have you experienced any resolution of symptoms followed by recurrence?” “Was the onset sudden or gradual?” “Can you describe when the skin condition began and how it has changed over time?”
36
Which history of present illness questions should the nurse ask a patient who presents with a localized skin lesion to gain more information about associated symptoms?
“Have you noticed changes to the lesion with stress or sun exposure?” “When did the lesion appear?” “Have you had a fever?”
37
What questions should the nurse ask to help determine whether a skin rash is related to medication use?
“Are you currently taking antibiotics?” “Have you treated a recent fungal infection topically?” “Have you started taking any new medications recently?”
38
Which questions regarding history of present illness should the nurse ask to gain information about the patient’s nails?
“Have you noticed any nail ridging?” “Have you noticed any splitting or breaking of your nails?” “Have you noticed any discoloration or odd markings?” “Does your nail separate from the nail bed?”
39
Which questions should the nurse ask a patient who presents with patchy hair loss regarding the history of present illness?
“To your knowledge, have you been exposed to any toxins?” “How are you currently treating the hair loss?” “Are you currently taking any medication to treat the hair loss?” “Are you experiencing any pain?”
40
Palpation Findings: Skin
moisture, temperature, texture, tugor and mobility
41
When inspecting the nails of a patient with dark skin, what would the nurse expect to record as normal findings?
Variations of pink coloration Pigment deposits noted Varying opacity noted Some white spots noted
42
When inspecting the hair of a 25-year-old man, in which area of the body would the nurse not expect to find hair?
Palms
43
Which terms would the nurse use to describe normal skin texture?
Smooth, soft and even
44
What type of hair does the nurse expect to palpate on an adult patient’s torso?
Fine vellus
45
Hormonal changes in the older adult
-lead to decreased hair production in the pubic and axillary regions - a decrease in the number of functioning melanocytes, which alters hair color to gray - nails become thicker and more brittle and grow at a slower rate because of decreased peripheral circulation
46
A reduction in the number of functioning melanocytes is responsible for what age-related change in older adults?
Gray hair
47
A decrease in peripheral circulation is responsible for what age-related change in nail growth?
Slower growth
48
What type of primary skin lesion does the nurse suspect upon noting dilated capillaries that appear as fine, irregular red lines?
Telangiectasia
49
The nurse notes a rough, thickened epidermis on a patient who reports skin irritation and excessive itching. What type of lesion does the nurse suspect?
Lichenification
50
The nurse is inspecting the nails of a patient and notes median nail dystrophy. What findings are suggestive of this condition?
Midline ridge or split, with report of nail biting
51
Which findings would the nurse consider normal for a middle-aged male patient?
Scalp hair loss Hair present on the back and shoulders Coarse terminal hair in the pubis, axillae, and beard
52
Which findings would the nurse identify as normal during a skin inspection of a healthy adult patient?
Uniformly tan skin Pigmented nevi or moles
53
While inspecting the nails of a patient, the nurse asks the patient to place the dorsal surfaces of the fingertips together. The nurse expects the nail base angle to be __ degrees or less.
The nail base angle should be 160 degrees or less. An angle of greater than 160 degrees indicates clubbing.
54
Which skin examination findings would the nurse consider normal in a 75-year-old patient?
Dry, Thin parchment appearance(epidermis), Wrinkled epidermis
55
Which findings, related to the hair examination, would the nurse note as normal in an 80-year-old patient?
Gray hair, Vellus hair on scalp(baldness), Loss of axillary hair
56
In older adult baldness cause
Increase in oil gland secretion
57
In older adult decreased perspiration cause
Increase in oil gland secretion
58
In older adult wrinkled skin cause
Wrinkled skin Decreased peripheral circulation
59
In older adult slow nail growth cause
Increased hair growth on other areas of the body
60
Functions of the skin
Protection prevents penetration Perception Fluid balance Temperature regulation- circulatory system Identification Communications Wound repair Absorption and excretion Production of vitamin D
61
What can occur in aging adults?
In the aging adult the loss of elastin, collagen, and subcutaneous fat and reduction in muscle tone occur.
62
Keloids
are raised scars that form at a wound site and grow beyond the normal boundaries of the wound. They are common within the AA community
63
Pruritus
the most common skin symptom; occurs with dry skin, aging, drug reactions, allergy, obstructive jaundice, uremia, lice. It is itchiness. Pruritus with aging occurs with side effects of medicine or systemic disease (e.g., liver or kidney disease, cancer, lymphoma)
64
Senile pruritus
usually caused by dry skin (xerosis), too-frequent bathing, or some soaps Any excess dryness( xerosis)
65
Hirsutism
shaggy or excessive hair. Unusual hair growth
66
Danger signs: abnormal characteristics of pigmented lesions are summarized in the mnemonic ABCDEF:
Asymmetry Border irregularity Color variation Diameter Elevation Funny looking
67
Hypothermia
Generalized coolness may be induced such as in hypothermia used for surgery or high fever.
68
Hyperthermia
Generalized hyperthermia occurs with an increased metabolic rate such as in fever or after heavy exercise.
69
Diaphoresis
profuse perspiration, accompanies an increased metabolic rate such as occurs in heavy activity, fever, or during perimenopause in women
70
Anasarca
a form of edema. consider a central problem such as heart failure or kidney failure.
71
Stage 1
non blanchable Intact skin is red but unbroken. Localized redness in lightly pigmented skin does not blanch (turn light with fingertip pressure).
72
Stage 2
Loss of epidermis and exposed dermis. Superficial ulcer looks shallow like an abrasion or open blister with a red-pink wound bed. No visible fat or deeper tissue.
73
stage 3
Full-Thickness Skin Loss. PI extends into subcutaneous tissue and resembles a crater. See subcutaneous fat, granulation tissue, and rolled edges, but not muscle, bone, or tendon.
74
Stage 4
Full-Thickness Skin/Tissue Loss. . Exposes muscle, tendon, or bone, and may show slough (stringy matter attached to wound bed) or eschar (black or brown necrotic tissue), rolled edges, and tunneling.
75
Unstageable
PI- injury on the heels

Nurs 1010 (8 decks)

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