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Nurs 1010 > Neurological System > Flashcards

Neurological System Flashcards

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1
Q

The neurologic system is made up of two

A

the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

The CNS includes what?

A

brain(carnium) and spinal cord(vetebral canal)

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3
Q

The spinal cord extends from

A

the brain down the middle of the back and is surrounded by a bony vertebral column.

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4
Q

The brain consists of three major areas:

A

the brainstem, the cerebellum, and the forebrain.

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5
Q

What is part of the forebrain?

A

The cerebral cortex and is involved in all of the higher functions of the brain

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6
Q

The cerebral cortex has four lobes:

A

the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe

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7
Q

The cerebral cortex comprises what?

A

the motor cortex, somatosensory area, Broca area (frontal lobe), and Wernicke area (temporal lobe)

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8
Q

The basic unit of the neurologic system

A

nueron

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9
Q

What does a neuron do?

A

neuron transmits nerve impulses or “messages.”

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10
Q

motor neuron

A

meaning they cause physical movement or mobility.

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11
Q

Sensory neuron

A

meaning they allow the ability to perceive stimulation

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12
Q

The PNS comprises

A

spinal nerves and cranial nerves

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13
Q

How many cranial nerves?

A

12

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14
Q

Reflex arcs

A

are closed circuits of spinal and peripheral nerves and are not under control of the brain

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15
Q

Which term describes an area of skin that is supplied by a single nerve?

A

Dermatome

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16
Q

Which structure of the neurologic system is located in front of the cerebellum?

A

The pons

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17
Q

Brocas area

A

Formation of words and speech

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18
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Processing of words into coherent thought

Understanding of written/spoken word

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19
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordination of movement and focusing of function of the muscles, joints, and tendon

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20
Q

the sensory pathways

A

pathways are located in the skin, mucous membranes, muscles, tendons, and visceral

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21
Q

Where does information travel?

A

Information travels from the primary sensory neuron in the periphery along the spinothalamic tracts in the spinal cord

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22
Q

Motor pathways

A

the brain analyzes the information and often initiates a motor response. These motor responses are transmitted from the brain to the periphery via the pyramidal or extrapyramidal pathways

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23
Q

pyramidal pathway

A

responsible for voluntary movement

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24
Q

extrapyramidal pathway

A

conducts impulses for instinctual and reactionary movements

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25
Which structure relays signals from the peripheral to the central nervous system?
Primary sensory neuron
26
Which of these are functions of the cerebellum?
Maintaining equilibrium Enabling voluntary movement
27
Which structure is located in the frontal lobe?
28
Innervates muscles for chewing
Olfactory
29
Innervates muscles of the tongue
Vestibulocochlear
30
Innervates muscles of the face and scalp
Trigeminal
31
Transmits information regarding smell
Facial
32
Transmits information regarding sounds
Hypoglossal
33
Which structure is located in the frontal lobe?
Broca area
34
In which area of the brain is the Wernicke area located?
Temporal lobe
35
Which physical condition will result if there is a lack of impulse conduction to skeletal muscles?
Paralysis
36
Muscle atrophy
caused by not using muscles
37
Cranial Nerve I((Olfactory Nerve)
sensory nerve responsible for transmitting smell information from the nasal cavity to the brain
38
Cranial Nerve II( Optic)
transmitting visual information.
39
Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor) Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear) Cranial Nerve VI (Abducens)
Eyelids, Pupillary adjustment of the eyes for near vision
40
Which finding suggests a normal adult plantar reflex?
Plantar flexion of the toes
41
Stereognosis
Expect identification of object by touch and manipulation
42
Graphesthesia
Expect recognition of figure drawn on palm.
43
Which finding reveals that the patient has intact cortical sensory function of stereognosis?
Ability to recognize object in palm of hand
44
Neurologic Variations in Older Adults
Slowed reaction time, tremors, and anxiety may result from certain medications Diminished sense of smell, taste, and hearing (mid- to high-frequency) Diminished sense of sight (decrease in color discrimination, reduced upward gaze, delayed adjustment to changes in lighting) Decreased corneal reflex Reduced gag reflex Gait becomes shorter (shorter steps and less lifting of feet) -> shuffling; arms more flexed, legs flexed at hips and knees Decreased tactile and vibratory sensations Deep tendon reflexes are less brisk to absent (first lower extremities, then upper) Superficial reflexes may disappear
45
Disease of CNS
Multiple sclerosis, Meningitis, and Stroke
46
Multiple sclerosis
progressive autoimmune disorder; demyelination of brain’s white matter (infectious organism possible trigger)- Paresthesia
47
Meningitis
inflammation of meninges around brain and spinal cord
48
Stroke
sudden interruption of blood supply to part of brain from blood clot or rupture of intracranial blood vessel
49
Which facial movements are expected on assessment of the facial nerve (CN VII)?
Smile, show teeth,puff cheek, raise eyebrows
50
Which findings are considered normal on assessment of the acoustic nerve (CN VIII)?
Sound from tuning fork is heard equally in both ears. Air conduction of sound is greater than bone conduction of sound.
51
Which cranial nerve senses may be diminished in the older adult?
Sense of sight, touch, hearing, and smell
52
Olfactory nerve (CN I):
Providing the sense of smell
53
Optic nerve (CN II)
Providing vision.
54
Oculomotor nerve (CN III):
Opening and moving your eyes and adjusting pupil width.
55
Trochlear nerve
Looking down and moving your eyes toward your nose or away from it.
56
Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Providing sensations in your eyes, most of your face and inside your mouth. It also allows you to chew food.
57
Abducens nerve (CN VI)
: Moving your eyes from left to right.
58
Facial nerve (CN VII):
Controlling several facial muscles to make facial expressions and providing the sense of taste in part of your tongue
59
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII):
Providing the sense of hearing and balance.
60
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX):
roviding taste sensations to part of your tongue and controlling muscles for swallowing.
61
Vagus nerve (CN X):
Regulating several automatic bodily processes, including your digestion, blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, mood, saliva production
62
Accessory nerve
Controlling shoulder and neck movement.
63
Hypoglossal nerve
Controlling tongue movement, which plays a role in speaking, eating and swallowing
64
Wernicke area
in the temporal lobe is linked to language comprehension. When damaged in the person’s dominant hemisphere, receptive or affluent aphasia results. The person hears sound, but it has no meaning, like hearing a foreign language.
65
spinothalamic
contains sensory fibers that transmit the sensations of pain, temperature, itch, and crude touch
66
Posterior (Dorsal) Columns
sensory fibers conduct position and vibration sensations and finely localized touch
67
Corticospinal
Corticospinal fibers mediate voluntary movement, particularly very skilled, discrete, purposeful movements such as writing. The corticospinal tract is a newer, “higher” motor system that permits humans to have very skilled and purposeful movements.
68
Extrapyramidal
phylogenetically older, “lower,” more primitive motor system. These subcortical motor fibers maintain muscle tone and control body movements, especially gross automatic movements such as walking
69
Neurological changes in the aging adult
as general loss of muscle bulk; loss of muscle tone in the face, in the neck, and around the spine; decreased muscle strength; impaired fine coordination and agility
70
Syncope
a sudden loss of strength, a temporary loss of consciousness (a faint) caused by lack of cerebral blood flow, e.g., low BP
71
Vertigo
a rotational spinning sensation
72
Tremors
shakes
73
Paresis
a partial or incomplete paralysis
74
Dysarthria
difficulty forming words
75
Dysphasia
difficulty with language comprehension or expression
76
The Glasgow coma scale
a neurological assessment tool used to gauge a person's level of consciousness after a brain injury or other neurological event. It assesses three areas: eye opening, verbal response, and motor response -a score 7 or less is considered a coma

Nurs 1010 (8 decks)

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