Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychology Test 2 > Chapter 13 - Theories of Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Theories of Personality Flashcards

(89 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Temperament

A

Enduring characteristics with which we are born

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Types of temperaments

A

Easy
Hard
Slow to warm up

Same as baby temperaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Character

A

Value judgements of moral and ethical behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Four Perspectives in Study of Personality

A

Psychodynamic (Freud)
Behaviorist
Humanistic
Trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Psychodynamic perspective

A

Freud
Focused on role of unconscious’s effect on daily behavior
Believes subconscious controls most actions, personality traits, and behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Behaviorist perspective

A

Skinner and Watson

Learn personality entirely from environment (no nature)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

Middle ground between Psychodynamic and Behaviorist
Both are depressing because personality is determined solely by the uncontrollable
Explain personality development from individual choices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Trait perspective

A

Does not explain personality formation
Describe personality with adjectives (traits)
E.g., describe person as extrovert and use it to predict behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Conscious mind

A

Individual in current, working moment

Immediate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Preconscious mind

A

Anything accessible but not currently thought about (LTM memories)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Unconscious mind

A

“Black box” of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Freud’s 3 parts of the mind

A

Conscious mind
Preconscious mind
Unconscious mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Freud’s 3 parts of personality

A

Id
Ego
Superego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Id

A

Born with this
Mostly present in babies
Individual does what it wants, when it wants (cries, poops, etc.)
Uses pleasure principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pleasure principle

A

Anything instinctual an id-creature does
“Just do it” and ignore consequences
Uses instinctual energy (libido)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Libido

A

Related to id

Instinctual energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ego

A

Develops from need to deal with reality

Starts “reality principle”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Reality principle

A

Related to ego
Develops around 2
Takes into account consequences of actions
E.g., child won’t steal from the cookie jar to avoid punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Superego

A

Starts “ego ideal” and “conscience”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ego Ideal

A

Related to superego
?Develops standards
e.g., Child asks: “Will I get caught, and is it worth the cookie?”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Conscience

A

Related to superego

Makes one proud/guilty when doing the right/wrong thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Freud’s Psycose**al Stages

A

5 of them; only 1-3 are useful

Each stage related to se**al/physical development of the child

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Erogenous zone

A

Where child experiences conflict

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fixation

A

If erogenous zone conflict is not resolved, child remains fixated on this stage
(Similar to Erikson’s stages)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Stage 1 of Freud's Stages
Oral stage | 1st year of life - Id dominated
26
Erogenous zone (Stage 1)
Mouth
27
Primary conflict (Stage 1)
Weaning | Child hates it
28
Effect on personality (Stage 1)
Too much weaning - dependent, optimistic | Too little weaning - aggressive, pessimistic
29
Stage 2 of Freud's Stages
Anal stage 1-3 years of age Ego begins to develop
30
Erogenous zone (Stage 2)
Anus
31
Conflict (Stage 2)
Toilet training (where to toilet)
32
Effect on personality (Stage 2)
Too harshly toilet trained - anal expulsive personality | Too leniently toilet trained - anal retentive personality
33
Anal expulsive personality
Destructive, hostile, messy, rebellious
34
Anal retentive personality
Excessively neat, stingy, and stubborn
35
Stage 3 of Freud's Stages
Phallic stage 3-6 years of age Superego begins to develop
36
Erogenous zone (Stage 3)
Genitals
37
Conflict (Stage 3)
``` Oedipus complex (Societal norms) Resolved by identification with same-gender parent ```
38
Oedipus complex
Associated with Freud Stage 3 conflict | Se**al attraction to one of parents
39
Effect on personality (Stage 3)
If unresolved, mommy's boys and daddy's girls
40
3 competing Freudian theorists
Jung, Adler, Horney
41
Jung
Developed theory of collective unconscious | Claims deja vu occurs from universally shared human memories
42
Adler
Developed inferiority complex and birth order theory
43
Inferiority complex
Developed by Adler | Failing Erikson's stages makes one always need to prove themselves
44
Birth order theory
Developed by Adler Unscientific Claims that personalities are different depending on order of birth in nuclear families
45
Horney
Developed basic anxiety principle | All people must resolve conflict from "basic anxiety" at birth or become neurotic
46
Cognitive Behaviorism
Personality defined as a set of learned responses or habits (developed by environment)
47
Social Cognitive Learning Theory
Emphasis on observational learning/expectations
48
Bandura's Theory of Reciprocal Determinism
Environment, personal factors, and behavior interact to determine future personality E.g., child who is extroverted becomes introverted after schoolmates (the environment) bully him for being extroverted
49
Self-esteem
Overall confidence in oneself
50
Self-efficacy
Confidence in one's ability to do a task
51
Humanistic perspective
Emphasizes free will and self-development in personality formation Freudian and Behavioral approaches are depressing because there is no free choice
52
Carl Roger's Theory of Personality
Humanistic Argues that personality is mostly formed from self-concept given by others ?All humans born with tendency to self-actualize
53
Self-concept
Individual's understanding of themselves based on others' input E.g., kids will tend to become smart/stupid if they are told they are smart/stupid, respectively
54
Real self
Carl Roger's theory | How one perceives oneself
55
Ideal self
Carl Roger's theory How one wishes they should be Often defined by self-concept defined by others
56
Mismatch between real and ideal selves
Causes neurotic behavior and anxiety
57
Becoming a Fully Functioning Person
Carl Roger's theory Needs unconditional positive regard (unconditional love) to develop Can get it in therapy if not gotten as a child
58
Fully Functioning Person
"in touch with & trusting of deep, innermost desires & feelings, continually working toward actualization"
59
Trait Theory of Personality
Describe characteristics of an individual to predict their behavior
60
Gordon Allport
First to attempt Trait Theory Asked his grad students to pick out dictionary words to describe people Narrowed down to 200 words
61
Cattell
Trait theorist Developed 16 PF (Personality Factors) Sparsely used Proposed 8 continuums of 2 opposing traits
62
Source Traits
Label | E.g., extrovert, introvert, openness
63
Surface Traits
Description of behavior | E.g., describe the label of extrovert as happy, friendly, etc.
64
The Big Five Model
Trait theory model inspired by Cattell Spells OCEAN 1. Openness 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism
65
Openness (Big 5)
High - Open to new things, independent, like variety | Low - Routine, practical
66
Conscientiousness (Big 5)
High - Good roommate, organized | Low - Late, disorganized, careless
67
Extraversion (Big 5)
Extrovert - Prefers center of attention | Introvert - Prefer solitude, dislike center of attention
68
Agreeableness (Big 5)
High - Happy, trusting | Low - Difficult, uncooperative, hard to get along with, disagreeable (e.g., Uma Ramamurthy)
69
Neuroticism (Big 5)
Neurotic - anxiety, insecurity, low self-esteem, victim complex Emotional stability - Calm, secure, high self-esteem, capable
70
Trait-situation interaction
Personality manifests itself slightly differently depending on the situation E.g., disagreeable person will hide this during job interview
71
Genetics and personality
Personality is largely genetically defined | E.g., identical twins share personalities, even if separated at birth and unaware of the other's existence
72
Gemm Twins
Famous identical twins that matched everything
73
Individualism (cultural personality)
US | Capitalism, free will, individual rights
74
Collectivism (cultural personality)
More socialist Concern for group over self Asian/Hispanic/Native American
75
Power distance (cultural personality)
Degree to which peons accept lack of social mobility and powerlessness relative to elites
76
Masculine/feminine (cultural personality)
Masculine/feminine depending on whether males/females are treated better No cultures are feminine, but some are less masculine than others
77
Uncertainty avoidance
High - Low in tolerance for different opinions (e.g., North Korea, Russia) Low - High in tolerance (e.g., US)
78
Structured Interview
Interview cannot deviate from assigned questions
79
Unstructured interview
Interview can deviate from assigned questions and explore more topics
80
Halo effect
Interview allows first impression of candidate to influence assessment
81
Projective tests
Freudian Person gives description of imaginary story based on ambiguous visual stimulus Person's thoughts measures personality Not used frequently
82
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Type of projection test Show 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations Average individual's thoughts of 20 different situations to determine their personality
83
Rorschach
Just like TAT but with Stranger Things-looking diagrams
84
Rorschach EC question:
Professor sees two wizards high-fiving
85
Personality Inventory (PI)
Survey-like instruments wit statements of standardized resposne E.g., OCEAN (Big 5), Myers-Briggs
86
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
``` Pseudoscience, unreliable Sensing v. intuition Thinking v. feeling Extroversion v. introversion Judging vs. perceiving ```
87
Sensing v. intuition
Sensing - feel, hear, touch stuff; see the evidence | Intuition - use hunches, gut feeling, patterns, etc.
88
Thinking v. feeling
Thinking - value the mind | Feeling - disvalue the mind
89
Judging v. perceiving
Judging - decisive, action-loving | Perceiving - reads directions, needs more information, more flexible, annoying to eat with because they are indecisive

Psychology Test 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions