Chapter 14/15 - Mental Illness Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
Trephining
A
“Cure” for mentally ill in ancient times
Drill hole in head to let evil spirits out
Before electricity, hammer sharp object into the skull
2
Q
Hippocrates on Mental Illness
A
Explained mental illness using biology and imbalance in body’s 4 humors
3
Q
Hippocrates’s body’s 4 humors
A
Blood
Phlegm
Yellow bile
Black bile
4
Q
Middle ages and mental illness
A
Killed for being mentally ill
5
Q
Renaissance (mid-1500s)
A
Treated as witches, burned at the stake
6
Q
Psychopathology
A
Study of abnormal behavior
7
Q
Psychotherapy
A
Regular therapy
8
Q
Biomedical therapy
A
Medications, surgeries, etc.
9
Q
Definition of abnormality
A
Pattern of behavior that cause significant distress, harm to self or others, or harms ability to function
10
Q
Subjective discomfort
A
Person experiences emotional distress or pain
11
Q
Maladaptive
A
Interferes with someone’s functioning
12
Q
Insane
A
Legal criteria, mental illness interfered with moral compass
13
Q
Biological (Medical) Model (Psychopathology)
A
Behavior is caused by biological changes or chemical reasons
E.g., depression, anxiety, schizophrenia
Cannot explain personality disorders or phobias
14
Q
4 Psychological Models
A
Psychodynamic view (Freud)
Behaviorist view
Cognitive perspective
Sociocultural view
15
Q
Psychodynamic view
A
Freudian
Used to treat anxiety and depression
16
Q
Behaviorist view
A
Person is conditioned to have phobia
17
Q
Cultural syndromes
A
Product of cultural influences
E.g., anorexia in the West
18
Q
Biopsychosocial perspective
A
Interaction of all 4 views to explain/treat stuff
19
Q
Psychoanalysis
A
Freud
Emphasis on revealing unconscious conflicts
20
Q
Insight therapy
A
Get insight into what is happening
21
Q
Dream interpretation (Freud therapy)
A
Latent content - analyze dream
22
Q
Free association (Freud therapy)
A
Talk about whatever while back is to therapist
23
Q
Resistance (Freud therapy)
A
Patient is reluctant to talk about topic, therapist focuses on it
24
Q
Transference (Freud therapy)
A
Patient projects emotions of important people in their lives onto therapist
25
Behavioral therapy
A form of action therapy based on conditioning
| Fixes specific behavioral issues (phobias, addictions)
26
Counterconditioning (aversion therapy)
Pair bad behavior with unpleasant stimulus to condition the bad behavior away
27
Cognitive therapy
Helps client recognize distortions in thinking and replace distorted beliefs with realistic, helpful ones
28
Beck's CBT
Specific, repeated ways of negative thinking which become a habit and contribute to anxiety
29
4 cultural barriers
Differences in these between therapist/client can cause problems
Native language
Cultural values
Social class
Non-verbal communication
30
Biomedical therapy
Directly alter biological functioning of the brain
31
Psychopharmacology
Medicines
32
Ketamine
Experimental drug for depression
33
Psilocybin
Experimental drug for PTSD
34
SSRIs
Antidepressants
35
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Patient receives a shock that induces a seizure and instantly cures them
36
Psychosurgery
Surgery on brain to fix biology (like OCD)
37
Global assessment of functioning (GAF)
Test to assess level of independent functioning in the world
38
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Excessive worry
Physical symptoms of stress that last 6+ months (e.g., headaches, pain, no appetite, etc.)
Feeling of impending doom
Free-floating anxiety (ever-present anxiety unrelated to anything)
39
Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)
Fear of negative evaluation by others in social situations
| Only around new people
40
Performance-only specifier
Modifier to SAD
| Individual only has SAD during stage fright (but excessive anxiety)
41
Agoraphobia
Fear of large spaces
| Shut-in, scared to leave safe space
42
Coulrophobia
Fear of clowns
43
Nomophobia
Fear of being out of mobile phone service
44
Gephyrophobia
Fear of crossing bridge over deep water
45
Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia
Fear of long words
46
Anatidaephobia
Fear of duck watching you somewhere in the world
47
Panic disorder
Regular, repeated panic attacks
48
Panic attack
Sudden onset of intense panic with extreme stress symtoms
49
Separation anxiety disorder
Individual gets anxious if attachment figure is not present (e.g., helicopter parent anxious if their child is away, dog gets anxious when owner leaves, etc.)
50
Psychoanalytic talk therapy
Freudian psychoanalyst
Cures phobias
Progressively desensitize to the phobia
51
Flooding
E.g., put a cat-phobe around 20 kittens with no escape
52
Magnification (Beck's)
Everything is horrible, blow negative events out of proportion
53
All-or-nothing (Beck's)
If it isn't perfect, it is a total failure
54
Overgeneralization (Beck's)
Extrapolate one failure into tons of failures
| E.g., fail a test, therefore never going to go to med school and will die poor and alone
55
Minimization
E.g., ignore all success regardless of impressiveness, focus on negative
56
Arbitrary inference
E.g., assumptions without evidence
57
Selective thinking
Focus on one bad thing instead of all the good things
58
Personalization
Think everything is your fault
59
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Body Dysmorphia
60
Hoarding
Thought is "Might need it later"
| Behavior is "Keep all the stuff"
61
Trichotillomania
Hair-pulling
| Compulsion to pull out hair
62
Excoriation
Skin-picking, often to the point of injury
63
Bilateral cingulotomy
Treatment for severe OCD
| Electric wires destroy a connection in the brain that is overworked and causes the problems
64
Treatments for PTSD/ASD
CBTs + SSRIs
| EMDR
65
Major Depressive Disorder
Episodic, severe
| Sudden onset with no external cause, lasts days to weeks at a time
66
Persistent Depressive Disorder
```
Chronic
Lasts 2+ years minimum
Less severe on average
People are sometimes unaware until it worsens
Does not affect functioning
```
67
Pre-Menstrual Dysphoric Disorder
During per**d
Severe mood swings
Lack of motivation
68
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Depression caused by low sunlight
69
CBT
Talks to person, identifies ways of thinking that add to depression
70
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Series of appointments once a day for 12-15 days
Uncomfortable magnetic stimulation during visit
Causes temporary cure and headaches
71
Ketamine
Very effective for some
| Approved for MDD (Major Depressive Disorder)
72
BP1
Mania + mild to major depressive cycles
73
Mania
Overly positive outlook on life
Unrealistic
E.g., go to Vegas because they couldn't ever lose
74
BP2
Hypomania + major depressive cycles
Harder to convince them to seek treatment
Treated with Lithium
75
Hypomania
Extreme positive, productivity, and creativity, might not sleep very much
Entirely good thing
76
Pica
Desire to eat dirt/non-nutritive thing (e.g., car, mattress)
77
Anorexia Nervosa
Self-starvation because of fear of fat
78
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge-and-purge
| Eat way too much, then self-induce a vomit or eat laxatives
79
Binge-eating Disorder
Bulimia without the purge
80
Grouping types
By disorder
| By type of therapy
81
Family therapy
Improve communication within the entire family
82
Dissociative amnesia
Traumatic event induces temporary dissociative fugue
83
Dissociative fugue
Gets amnesia, forgets identity and other memories, and aimlessly wanders
84
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Shallan
85
Schizophrenia Positive Symptom
Excess of behavior
86
Schizophrenia Negative Symptom
Absence of behavior
87
Delusion (schizophrenia)
False belief
88
Hallucination (schizophrenia)
Imaginary sensory perception
89
Alogia (schizophrenia)
No speech (negative symptom)
90
Flat Affect (schizophrenia)
No emotion (negative symptom)
91
Bio-psychological model (schizophrenia)
C4 gene related to excessive synaptic pruning
| Leads to schizophrenia
92
Stress-vulnerability model (schizophrenia)
Epigenetics, environment turns on the schizophrenia
93
Treatments (schizophrenia)
Anti-psychotics + psychotherapy
Use medications to make them interactable
Then permanently fix them with therapy
94
Personality Disorders
Persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions
95
ODD/ECCENTRIC TYPE (Cluster A)
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid PD
Schizotypal PD
96
ODD/ECCENTRIC TYPE (Cluster A)
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid PD
Schizotypal PD
97
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Unwarranted suspiciousness, hypersensitive, easily offender, untrusting
In other words, super paranoid
98
Schizoid PD
E.g., extreme loner, emotionally cold and indifferent, prefer social isolation
99
Schizotypal PD
Like a witch that lives on the edge of reality
100
DRAMATIC/EMOTIONAL TYPE (Cluster B)
Antisocial PD
Borderline PD
Histrionic
Narcissistic PD
101
Antisocial PD
```
Against social norms and social roles
No morals
No empathy
Usually males
E.g., politicians
```
102
Borderline PD
Moody and unstable
No clear identity
Like bipolar, but instantaneous and more frequent mood swings
Usually females
103
Histrionic
Dramatizer and exaggerator
| Attention-seeking
104
Narcissistic PD
Narcissist
Exploitative, no empathy
Related to Antisocial PD
105
ANXIOUS/FEARFUL TYPE (Cluster C)
Avoidant PD
Dependent PD
Obsessive-Compulsive PD
106
Avoidant PD
Avoid social interactions/relationships
Don't want to be alone but too fearful of rejection
Similar to social anxiety disorder but fear of rejection is part of personality itself
107
Dependent PD
Total reliance on other people
No initiative
Inferiority complex
108
Obsessive-Compulsive PD
Conscientiousness to the extreme
Everything must be perfect
Rigid, controlled, exact
109
Roger's Person-Centered Therapy (personality disorders)
Humanistic
1. Unconditional positive regard
2. Reflect (paraphrase their thoughts, value them)
3. Empathy (put oneself in their shoes)
4. Authenticity (seem authentic)
