Chapter 9 - Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
Motivation (definition)
Process by which activities are started, directed, and continued, in order to satisfy needs/desires
Extrinsic motivation
An external reward of stuff, like money, grades, power, etc.
Intrinsic motivation
An internal reward of intrinsic enjoyment (e.g., piano practice, coding, reading)
Combining intrinsic/extrinsic motivation
Causes more overall motivation, but lowers the intrinsic motivation
Instinct Theory of Motivation
Postulates that human behavior is governed by instinct
Fight/flight, curiosity, etc.
Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation
Postulates that physiological needs cause internal drive and create tension. Organism thus acts to satisfy the need and reduce the tension.
Primary Needs
Instinctual needs - Hungry, thirsty, etc.
Secondary needs
Non-instinctual needs
Highly individualized and developed over time
E.g., money, power, etc.
Types of secondary neesd
nAch (need for achievement) - Strong desire to attain goals
nAff (need for affiliation) - Strong desire to socially interact
nPow (need for power) - need lots of power
Homeostasis (arousal motivation)
All humans have a baseline level of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Performance is related to motivational arousal
Levels of arousal
Optimal - moderate
Hard task - less arousal
Easy task - more arousal
Incentive Approach to Motivation
Behavior is explained as response to environment’s rewarding properties (incentives)
Expectancy-Value Theory
A person’s behavior cannot be predicted without understanding beliefs and values (i.e., what motivates them)
E.g., good grades, chocolate cake, etc. don’t motivate everyone
Maslow (type of psychologist)
Humanist
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
On average, most needs strive to fulfill basic needs, then higher-up needs
E.g., food/water first, then clean and organized house
Transcendence (Hierarchy of Needs)
People find meaning in spirituality/something other than oneself
Victor Frankl
Holocaust survivor Kept a journal in concentration camp Held on to belief in higher purpose Kept himself and those around him out of despair Famous psychologist after
Self-actualization
Person who satisfies their “lower” needs and achieves their full human potential
Peak experience (Hierarchy of Needs)
Experience of transcendence/self-actualization (e.g., getting into “Flow”)
Flow (Hierarchy of Needs)
Deep learning state when reading, practicing piano, coding, etc.
More frequently one is in Flow, closer to self-actualization
Self-determination Theory of Motivation
Humans have three inborn needs that must be fulfilled for a complete sense of self to be self-actualized
Autonomy (need for control)
Competence (need for excellence in something)
Relatedness (any connection with humans/animals/nature, outside one’s self)
Self-determination Theory and Erikson
Self-determination theory of motivation is like Erikson’s sixth stage
Hunger
Caused by low glucose
Low glucose caused by high insulin from pancreas
