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FSCN 1112 > Chapter 13 - Water Soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Water Soluble Vitamins Flashcards

(124 cards)

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1
Q

Energy metabolism requires what five water soluble vitamins?

A 
thiamin 
riboflavin
niacin 
biotin
pantothenic acid
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2
Q

What three water soluble vitamins are needed for amino acid metabolism and red blood cell synthesis?

A

vitamin B-6
folate
vitamin B-12

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3
Q

________ amounts of water soluble vitamins are stored in the body

A

Small

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4
Q

Is toxicity likely or unlikely?

A

super unlikely

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5
Q

Water soluble vitamins are easily destroyed by…

A

cooking, heat, light, air, alkaline substances

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6
Q

Coenzyme

A

Compound that combines with an inactive protein (apoenzyme) to form a catalytically active enzyme (holoenzyme)

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7
Q

Cofactor

A

Organic or inorganic substance that binds to a specific region on an enzyme and is necessary for the enzyme’s activity

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8
Q

All B-vitamins form…

A

coenzymes and cofactors

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9
Q

___-___% of B-vitamins in diet are absorbed

A

50-90%

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10
Q

Milled grain producers are enriched with what?

A 
thiamin
riboflavin
niacin
folic acid
mineral iron
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11
Q

Deficiency in thiamin led to the 1800s Asian disease of…

A

Beriberi

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12
Q

Thiamin rich foods are…

A

Pork products
Sunflower seeds
Legumes

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13
Q

RDA thiamin

A

1.2mg/day for men, 1.1mg/day for women

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14
Q

DV thiamin

A

1.5mg

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15
Q

Thiamin is ___________ _____________ so it has no UL

A

Readily excreted

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16
Q

Thiamin is absorbed in the ______ _________ by _________ _________

A

Small intestine, Active absorption

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17
Q

_____-_____ mg of thiamin is stored where?

A

25-30; liver, muscles, brain, kidneys

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18
Q

Coenzyme for thiamin

A

Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)

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19
Q

What is TPP needed for?

A

Metabolism of carbs and branched chain amino acids

Needed for transketolase to convert glucose into other sugars

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20
Q

Symptoms of beriberi

A 
Peripheral neuropathy
Weakness
Muscle pain/tenderness
Enlargement of heart 
Difficulty breathing 
Edema
Anorexia
Weight loss
Poor memory
Confusion
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21
Q

Beriberi symptoms can develop how long after a thiamin-free diet?

A

14 days

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22
Q

Symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff (cerebral beriberi)

A

Changes in vision
Ataxia
Impaired mental functions

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23
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome is common in…

A

Alcoholics

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24
Q

Riboflavin rich foods

A

Liver, mushrooms, spinach, broccoli, asparagus, milk, cottage cheese

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25
Riboflavin breaks down with exposure to...
Light
26
RDA riboflavin
1.3mg/day for men, 1.1mg/day for women
27
DV riboflavin
1.7 mg
28
UL riboflavin
None
29
___-____% of free riboflavin is absorbed via _________ ___________ or ____________ ____________ in the small intestine
60-65%; active transport or facilitated diffusion
30
A small amount of riboflavin is stored where?
Liver, kidneys, heart
31
Riboflavin makes which coenzymes?
FAD and FMN (flavins)
32
Flavins (riboflavin coenzymes) are needed for...
Oxidation and reduction Energy metabolism Forming other compounds (B vitamins, antioxidants)
33
Ariboflavinosis
Deficiency of riboflavin that affects the mouth, skin, and red blood cells. Symptoms = inflammation of throat/mouth/tongue, cracking in sor era of mouth (angular cheilitis), moist/red/scaly skin (seborrheaic dermstitis), anemia, fatigue, confusions, headaches
34
Pellagra
Niacin deficiency disease resulting in dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia
35
What are the two forms of niacin?
Nicotinic acid (niacin) and nicotinamide (niacinamide)
36
Both forms of niacin create what enzymes needed for fatty acid synthesis, redox reactions, and the catabolism of macronutrients?
NAD and NADP+
37
Niacin rich foods
Mushrooms, wheat bran, fish, poultry, and peanuts
38
RDA niacin
16 mg NE/day for men, 14 mg NE/day for women
39
DV niacin
20 mg
40
Niacin UL
35mg (for fortified foods and supplements)
41
Niacin is absorbed in the _______ __________ by active transport and facilitated diffusion and is transported via the _________ _______ to the _________ where it is stored or delivered to body cells
Small intestine; portal vein to liver
42
Niacin is prescribed to....
Increase HDL cholesterol and lower triglyceride levels
43
Pantothenic makes what coenzyme and what is that coenzyme needed for?
``` Coenzyme A (CoA) Builds fatty acid, cholesterol, bile acids, and steroid hormones; also breaks down macronutrients ```
44
Pantothenic acid rich foods
Mushrooms, peanuts, egg yolks, yeast, broccoli, soy milk
45
Pantothenic acid in food is decreased when..
Milled, refined, frozen, heated, or canned
46
AI pantothenic acid
5mg/day
47
DV pantothenic acid
10mg/day
48
UL pantothenic acid
None
49
Pantothenic acid can make _______ ________ _________ which shuffle fatty acids through metabolic pathways
Acyl carrier proteins
50
Symptoms of a pantothenic acid deficiency
Headache Fatigue Impaired muscle coordination GI tract disturbances
51
Biocytin
Biotin bound to the amino acid lysine in food proteins
52
Biotin rich foods
Whole grains, eggs, nuts, legumes
53
_________ in _______ ___________ synthesize biotin
Bacteria, large intestine
54
AI Biotin
30 ug/day
55
DV Biotin
300 ug/day
56
UL Biotin
None
57
Free biotin is absorbed in the _______ _________ via _________-dependent carriers
Small intestine; sodium
58
Small amounts of biotin are stored in....
Muscles, liver, brain
59
Biotin is needed for...
Metabolism of macronutrients | Helps DNA food in cell nucleus
60
Biotin Deficiency Symptoms
Skin rash, hair loss, convulsions, low muscle tone, impaired growth
61
Avidin
Protein in raw egg whites that can bind biotin and inhibit its absorption. Cooking destroys avidin.
62
Vitamin B-6 is a family of what three compounds?
Pyridoxal Pyridoxine Pyridoxamine
63
Vitamin B-6 rich foods
Meat, fish, poultry
64
Vitamin B-6 in food is lost during...
Heating and processing
65
RDA Vitamin B-6
1.3mg/day
66
DV Vitamin B-6
2 mg
67
UL Vitamin B-6
100 mg/day ; over-consumption leads to irreversible nerve damage
68
Vitamin B-6 is absorbed via _________ ___________ and goes to _______ via the _____ ________ to be ___________ and then is released into the blood stream
Passive diffusion ; liver ; portal vein ; phosphorylated
69
What are the water soluble vitamins?
the B vitamins vitamin C choline
70
Vitamin B-6 is stored where?
Muscle tissue
71
Vitamin B-6 is needed for...
amino acid metabolism synthesis of compounds (proteins, vitamins, neurotransmitters) immune function regulation of gene expression
72
Vitamin B-6 deficiency leads to...
``` seborrheic dermatitis microcytic hypochromic anemia convulsions depression confusion ```
73
Vitamin B-6 can be prescribed for..
carpal tunnel syndrome PMS nausea during pregnancy
74
Folic Acid
Form of folate found in supplements and fortified foods
75
Folate rich foods
liver, legumes, leafy green vegetables
76
Folate in food is reduced if exposed to..
heat, oxidation, ultraviolet light
77
RDA folate
400 ug DFE/day
78
DV folate
400 ug DFE
79
UL Folate
1000 ug for synthetic folic acid
80
Folate is _________ in the GI Tract and actively transported across the ___________ wall.
hydrolyzed ; intestinal
81
Folate is stored in the _______ or is released in the _______
liver ; blood
82
Folate is needed for...
DNA synthesis amino acid metabolism formation of dopamine and norepinephrine
83
Folate deficiency can lead to...
Megaloblastic/Macrocytic Anemia
84
Vitamin B-12 contains what mineral in its structure?
Cobalt
85
Vitamin B-12 rich foods
organ meats, fortified foods
86
Vitamin B-12 is not synthesized by ________; it is made by ____________
plants ; microorganisms
87
RDA Vitamin B-12
2.4 ug/day
88
DV Vitamin B-12
6 ug
89
UL Vitamin B-12
none
90
Vitamin B-12 is stored where and for how long?
Liver; several years
91
MOUTH | Absorption of Vitamin B-12
Salivary glands make R Protein which enhances the absorption of Vitamin B-12
92
STOMACH | Absorption of Vitamin B-12
a. ) HCl and pepsin release vitamin B-12 bound to protein in food b. ) Free vitamin B-12 binds with R Protein c. ) Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor, which enhances Vitamin B-12 absorption
93
SMALL INTESTINE | Absorption of Vitamin B-12
a. ) Trypsin from pancreas releases R Protein | b. ) Vitamin B-12 links with intrinsic factor
94
ILEUM | Absorption of Vitamin B-12
Vitamin B-12/intrinsic factor complex is absorbed into blood and binds to transport protein transcobalamin II.
95
You absorb ____% of Vitamin B-12 from food
50%
96
Vitamin B-12 is needed for...
formation of amino acid methionine and enzyme methylmalonyl mutase
97
Pernicious Anemia
Anemia due to inability to absorb sufficient Vitamin B-12; associated with nerve degeneration which leads to paralysis or death
98
A Vitamin B-12 deficiency can lead to...
macrocytic anemia elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations (which leads to heart attacks, stroke, cognitive dysfunction, and osteoporitic fractures)
99
Choline Rich Foods
*foods of animal origin*, grains, nuts, veggies, fruit
100
How is choline found in foods?
as free choline or lecithin
101
AI Choline
550 mg/day or men, 425 mg/day for women
102
UL Choline
3.5g/day | Can lead to a fishy odor, low BP, vomiting, and GI disturbances
103
Choline is absorbed in the _________ via _________ __________ and is transferred to the ______ via the ________ _____ where it is converted to ____________
intestine ; transport proteins ; liver ; portal vein ; betaine
104
Choline is a component of...
phospholipids, cell membranes, sphingomyelin
105
What is choline needed for?
synthesis of myelin precursor for acetylcholine helps liver export VLDL
106
Choline deficiency can lead to...
potential liver and muscle damage
107
What are two other names for Vitamin C?
ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid
108
Vitamin C Rich Foods
Citrus fruits, peppers, green veggies
109
Vitamin C is unstable when in contact with...
iron, copper, oxygen
110
RDA Vitamin C
90 mg/day for men, 75 mg/day for women
111
DV Vitamin C
60 mg
112
UL Vitamin C
2 g/day | can lead to GI problems, kidney stones
113
Vitamin C is absorbed in the _______ _________ by _______ ________ or __________ ___________
small intestine ; active transport or facilitated diffusion
114
Where is Vitamin C stored?
pituitary/adrenal glands eyes brain white blood cells
115
Vitamin C is important for...
``` redox reactions synthesis of COLLAGEN, tyrosine, thyrozine, carnitine, norepinephrine, serotonin, bile acids, corticosteroids, aldosterone facilitates nonheme iron absorption immune function (white blood cells) ```
116
Vitamin C deficiency can lead to
scurvy! | connective tissue failure, impaired wound healing, bone pain, fractures, diarrhea, depression
117
Vitamin C prevents...
cancer (mouth, esophagus, stomach, lung) and heart disease
118
Carnitine is synthesized by..
lysine and methionine
119
Carnitine rich foods
meat and dairy products
120
Carnitine is needed to...
transport fatty acids from cytosol into mitochondria
121
Carnitine deficiency can lead to...
abnormal fatty acid metabolism
122
Taurine is syntehsized from...
Methionine and cysteine
123
Taurine rich foods
those of animal origin
124
Taurine is needed for...
``` photoreceptor activity antioxidant defense activity in lungs and white blood cells normal nervous system function platelet aggregation cardiac contraction insulin action cell differentiation and growth ```

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