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FSCN 1112 > Chapter 13 - Water Soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Water Soluble Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Energy metabolism requires what five water soluble vitamins?

A 
thiamin 
riboflavin
niacin 
biotin
pantothenic acid
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2
Q

What three water soluble vitamins are needed for amino acid metabolism and red blood cell synthesis?

A

vitamin B-6
folate
vitamin B-12

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3
Q

________ amounts of water soluble vitamins are stored in the body

A

Small

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4
Q

Is toxicity likely or unlikely?

A

super unlikely

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5
Q

Water soluble vitamins are easily destroyed by…

A

cooking, heat, light, air, alkaline substances

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6
Q

Coenzyme

A

Compound that combines with an inactive protein (apoenzyme) to form a catalytically active enzyme (holoenzyme)

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7
Q

Cofactor

A

Organic or inorganic substance that binds to a specific region on an enzyme and is necessary for the enzyme’s activity

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8
Q

All B-vitamins form…

A

coenzymes and cofactors

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9
Q

___-___% of B-vitamins in diet are absorbed

A

50-90%

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10
Q

Milled grain producers are enriched with what?

A 
thiamin
riboflavin
niacin
folic acid
mineral iron
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11
Q

Deficiency in thiamin led to the 1800s Asian disease of…

A

Beriberi

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12
Q

Thiamin rich foods are…

A

Pork products
Sunflower seeds
Legumes

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13
Q

RDA thiamin

A

1.2mg/day for men, 1.1mg/day for women

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14
Q

DV thiamin

A

1.5mg

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15
Q

Thiamin is ___________ _____________ so it has no UL

A

Readily excreted

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16
Q

Thiamin is absorbed in the ______ _________ by _________ _________

A

Small intestine, Active absorption

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17
Q

_____-_____ mg of thiamin is stored where?

A

25-30; liver, muscles, brain, kidneys

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18
Q

Coenzyme for thiamin

A

Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)

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19
Q

What is TPP needed for?

A

Metabolism of carbs and branched chain amino acids

Needed for transketolase to convert glucose into other sugars

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20
Q

Symptoms of beriberi

A 
Peripheral neuropathy
Weakness
Muscle pain/tenderness
Enlargement of heart 
Difficulty breathing 
Edema
Anorexia
Weight loss
Poor memory
Confusion
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21
Q

Beriberi symptoms can develop how long after a thiamin-free diet?

A

14 days

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22
Q

Symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff (cerebral beriberi)

A

Changes in vision
Ataxia
Impaired mental functions

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23
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome is common in…

A

Alcoholics

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24
Q

Riboflavin rich foods

A

Liver, mushrooms, spinach, broccoli, asparagus, milk, cottage cheese

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25
Q

Riboflavin breaks down with exposure to…

A

Light

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26
Q

RDA riboflavin

A

1.3mg/day for men, 1.1mg/day for women

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27
Q

DV riboflavin

A

1.7 mg

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28
Q

UL riboflavin

A

None

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29
Q

___-____% of free riboflavin is absorbed via _________ ___________ or ____________ ____________ in the small intestine

A

60-65%; active transport or facilitated diffusion

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30
Q

A small amount of riboflavin is stored where?

A

Liver, kidneys, heart

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31
Q

Riboflavin makes which coenzymes?

A

FAD and FMN (flavins)

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32
Q

Flavins (riboflavin coenzymes) are needed for…

A

Oxidation and reduction
Energy metabolism
Forming other compounds (B vitamins, antioxidants)

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33
Q

Ariboflavinosis

A

Deficiency of riboflavin that affects the mouth, skin, and red blood cells.
Symptoms = inflammation of throat/mouth/tongue, cracking in sor era of mouth (angular cheilitis), moist/red/scaly skin (seborrheaic dermstitis), anemia, fatigue, confusions, headaches

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34
Q

Pellagra

A

Niacin deficiency disease resulting in dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia

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35
Q

What are the two forms of niacin?

A

Nicotinic acid (niacin) and nicotinamide (niacinamide)

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36
Q

Both forms of niacin create what enzymes needed for fatty acid synthesis, redox reactions, and the catabolism of macronutrients?

A

NAD and NADP+

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37
Q

Niacin rich foods

A

Mushrooms, wheat bran, fish, poultry, and peanuts

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38
Q

RDA niacin

A

16 mg NE/day for men, 14 mg NE/day for women

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39
Q

DV niacin

A

20 mg

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40
Q

Niacin UL

A

35mg (for fortified foods and supplements)

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41
Q

Niacin is absorbed in the _______ __________ by active transport and facilitated diffusion and is transported via the _________ _______ to the _________ where it is stored or delivered to body cells

A

Small intestine; portal vein to liver

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42
Q

Niacin is prescribed to….

A

Increase HDL cholesterol and lower triglyceride levels

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43
Q

Pantothenic makes what coenzyme and what is that coenzyme needed for?

A 
Coenzyme A (CoA)
Builds fatty acid, cholesterol, bile acids, and steroid hormones; also breaks down macronutrients
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44
Q

Pantothenic acid rich foods

A

Mushrooms, peanuts, egg yolks, yeast, broccoli, soy milk

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45
Q

Pantothenic acid in food is decreased when..

A

Milled, refined, frozen, heated, or canned

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46
Q

AI pantothenic acid

A

5mg/day

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47
Q

DV pantothenic acid

A

10mg/day

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48
Q

UL pantothenic acid

A

None

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49
Q

Pantothenic acid can make _______ ________ _________ which shuffle fatty acids through metabolic pathways

A

Acyl carrier proteins

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50
Q

Symptoms of a pantothenic acid deficiency

A

Headache
Fatigue
Impaired muscle coordination
GI tract disturbances

51
Q

Biocytin

A

Biotin bound to the amino acid lysine in food proteins

52
Q

Biotin rich foods

A

Whole grains, eggs, nuts, legumes

53
Q

_________ in _______ ___________ synthesize biotin

A

Bacteria, large intestine

54
Q

AI Biotin

A

30 ug/day

55
Q

DV Biotin

A

300 ug/day

56
Q

UL Biotin

A

None

57
Q

Free biotin is absorbed in the _______ _________ via _________-dependent carriers

A

Small intestine; sodium

58
Q

Small amounts of biotin are stored in….

A

Muscles, liver, brain

59
Q

Biotin is needed for…

A

Metabolism of macronutrients

Helps DNA food in cell nucleus

60
Q

Biotin Deficiency Symptoms

A

Skin rash, hair loss, convulsions, low muscle tone, impaired growth

61
Q

Avidin

A

Protein in raw egg whites that can bind biotin and inhibit its absorption. Cooking destroys avidin.

62
Q

Vitamin B-6 is a family of what three compounds?

A

Pyridoxal
Pyridoxine
Pyridoxamine

63
Q

Vitamin B-6 rich foods

A

Meat, fish, poultry

64
Q

Vitamin B-6 in food is lost during…

A

Heating and processing

65
Q

RDA Vitamin B-6

A

1.3mg/day

66
Q

DV Vitamin B-6

A

2 mg

67
Q

UL Vitamin B-6

A

100 mg/day ; over-consumption leads to irreversible nerve damage

68
Q

Vitamin B-6 is absorbed via _________ ___________ and goes to _______ via the _____ ________ to be ___________ and then is released into the blood stream

A

Passive diffusion ; liver ; portal vein ; phosphorylated

69
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

the B vitamins
vitamin C
choline

70
Q

Vitamin B-6 is stored where?

A

Muscle tissue

71
Q

Vitamin B-6 is needed for…

A

amino acid metabolism
synthesis of compounds (proteins, vitamins, neurotransmitters)
immune function
regulation of gene expression

72
Q

Vitamin B-6 deficiency leads to…

A 
seborrheic dermatitis
microcytic hypochromic anemia 
convulsions
depression
confusion
73
Q

Vitamin B-6 can be prescribed for..

A

carpal tunnel syndrome
PMS
nausea during pregnancy

74
Q

Folic Acid

A

Form of folate found in supplements and fortified foods

75
Q

Folate rich foods

A

liver, legumes, leafy green vegetables

76
Q

Folate in food is reduced if exposed to..

A

heat, oxidation, ultraviolet light

77
Q

RDA folate

A

400 ug DFE/day

78
Q

DV folate

A

400 ug DFE

79
Q

UL Folate

A

1000 ug for synthetic folic acid

80
Q

Folate is _________ in the GI Tract and actively transported across the ___________ wall.

A

hydrolyzed ; intestinal

81
Q

Folate is stored in the _______ or is released in the _______

A

liver ; blood

82
Q

Folate is needed for…

A

DNA synthesis
amino acid metabolism
formation of dopamine and norepinephrine

83
Q

Folate deficiency can lead to…

A

Megaloblastic/Macrocytic Anemia

84
Q

Vitamin B-12 contains what mineral in its structure?

A

Cobalt

85
Q

Vitamin B-12 rich foods

A

organ meats, fortified foods

86
Q

Vitamin B-12 is not synthesized by ________; it is made by ____________

A

plants ; microorganisms

87
Q

RDA Vitamin B-12

A

2.4 ug/day

88
Q

DV Vitamin B-12

A

6 ug

89
Q

UL Vitamin B-12

A

none

90
Q

Vitamin B-12 is stored where and for how long?

A

Liver; several years

91
Q

MOUTH

Absorption of Vitamin B-12

A

Salivary glands make R Protein which enhances the absorption of Vitamin B-12

92
Q

STOMACH

Absorption of Vitamin B-12

A

a. ) HCl and pepsin release vitamin B-12 bound to protein in food
b. ) Free vitamin B-12 binds with R Protein
c. ) Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor, which enhances Vitamin B-12 absorption

93
Q

SMALL INTESTINE

Absorption of Vitamin B-12

A

a. ) Trypsin from pancreas releases R Protein

b. ) Vitamin B-12 links with intrinsic factor

94
Q

ILEUM

Absorption of Vitamin B-12

A

Vitamin B-12/intrinsic factor complex is absorbed into blood and binds to transport protein transcobalamin II.

95
Q

You absorb ____% of Vitamin B-12 from food

A

50%

96
Q

Vitamin B-12 is needed for…

A

formation of amino acid methionine and enzyme methylmalonyl mutase

97
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

Anemia due to inability to absorb sufficient Vitamin B-12; associated with nerve degeneration which leads to paralysis or death

98
Q

A Vitamin B-12 deficiency can lead to…

A

macrocytic anemia
elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations (which leads to heart attacks, stroke, cognitive dysfunction, and osteoporitic fractures)

99
Q

Choline Rich Foods

A

foods of animal origin, grains, nuts, veggies, fruit

100
Q

How is choline found in foods?

A

as free choline or lecithin

101
Q

AI Choline

A

550 mg/day or men, 425 mg/day for women

102
Q

UL Choline

A

3.5g/day

Can lead to a fishy odor, low BP, vomiting, and GI disturbances

103
Q

Choline is absorbed in the _________ via _________ __________ and is transferred to the ______ via the ________ _____ where it is converted to ____________

A

intestine ; transport proteins ; liver ; portal vein ; betaine

104
Q

Choline is a component of…

A

phospholipids, cell membranes, sphingomyelin

105
Q

What is choline needed for?

A

synthesis of myelin
precursor for acetylcholine
helps liver export VLDL

106
Q

Choline deficiency can lead to…

A

potential liver and muscle damage

107
Q

What are two other names for Vitamin C?

A

ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid

108
Q

Vitamin C Rich Foods

A

Citrus fruits, peppers, green veggies

109
Q

Vitamin C is unstable when in contact with…

A

iron, copper, oxygen

110
Q

RDA Vitamin C

A

90 mg/day for men, 75 mg/day for women

111
Q

DV Vitamin C

A

60 mg

112
Q

UL Vitamin C

A

2 g/day

can lead to GI problems, kidney stones

113
Q

Vitamin C is absorbed in the _______ _________ by _______ ________ or __________ ___________

A

small intestine ; active transport or facilitated diffusion

114
Q

Where is Vitamin C stored?

A

pituitary/adrenal glands
eyes
brain
white blood cells

115
Q

Vitamin C is important for…

A 
redox reactions
synthesis of COLLAGEN, tyrosine, thyrozine, carnitine, norepinephrine, serotonin, bile acids, corticosteroids, aldosterone
facilitates nonheme iron absorption
immune function (white blood cells)
116
Q

Vitamin C deficiency can lead to

A

scurvy!

connective tissue failure, impaired wound healing, bone pain, fractures, diarrhea, depression

117
Q

Vitamin C prevents…

A

cancer (mouth, esophagus, stomach, lung) and heart disease

118
Q

Carnitine is synthesized by..

A

lysine and methionine

119
Q

Carnitine rich foods

A

meat and dairy products

120
Q

Carnitine is needed to…

A

transport fatty acids from cytosol into mitochondria

121
Q

Carnitine deficiency can lead to…

A

abnormal fatty acid metabolism

122
Q

Taurine is syntehsized from…

A

Methionine and cysteine

123
Q

Taurine rich foods

A

those of animal origin

124
Q

Taurine is needed for…

A 
photoreceptor activity
antioxidant defense activity in lungs and white blood cells
normal nervous system function
platelet aggregation
cardiac contraction
insulin action
cell differentiation and growth

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