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FSCN 1112 > Chapter 15 - Trace Minerals > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Trace Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Trace minerals are needed in quantities…

A

less than 100 mg/day

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2
Q

When all of the trace minerals are combined, what percent of minerals in the body do they make up?

A

less than 1%

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3
Q

How many women and children are deficient in iron?

A

2/3 of all children and women of child bearing age

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4
Q

Heme Iron

A

Iron provided from animal tissues primarily as a component of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Approximately 40% of the iron in meat is heme iron, and it’s readily absorbed.

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5
Q

Nonheme Iron

A

Iron provided from plant sources and elemental iron components of animal tissues. Nonheme iron is less efficiently absorbed than heme iron, and absorption is more closely dependent on body needs.

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6
Q

Iron is found in…

A
  • meats
  • seafood
  • bakery products
  • spinach (and other dark leafy greens)
  • kidney/garbanzo/navy beans
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7
Q

Can cooking in an iron pan transfer iron to food?

A

yes

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8
Q

You need ___ mg/day unless you are a woman who gets her period, then you need __ mg/day

A

8 mg/day, 18 mg/day

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9
Q

Ferritin

A

Iron-binding proteins in the intestinal mucosa that binds iron and prevents it from entering the bloodstream; also the primary storage form of iron in the liver and other tissues

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10
Q

Low iron stores means low ________ levels, so that more iron can enter to mucosal iron pool and transport into the bloodstream.

A

ferritin

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11
Q

What enhances iron uptake?

A

transferrin surface receptors

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12
Q

Lysosome

A

Cell organelle that digests proteins, such as transferrin, and breaks down bacteria and old/damaged cell components

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13
Q

Hemosiderin

A

Iron-binding protein in the liver that stores iron when iron levels in the body exceed the storage capacity of ferritin

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14
Q

What percent of iron is recovered and recycled, and what percent is excreted?

A

90% ; 10%

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15
Q

What protein aids in the regulation of iron absorption and balance?

A

Hepcidin

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16
Q

What percentage of consumed iron is absorbed (assuming adequate iron status)?

A

14-18%

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17
Q

What can reduce iron absorption?

A
  • phytic acid
  • oxalic acid
  • high fiber
  • polyphenols
  • excessive intake of zinc, manganese, or calcium
  • reduced gastric acidity
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18
Q

What can increase iron absorption?

A
  • meat protein factor (MPF)
  • vitamin C (to form ferrous iron)
  • gastric acidity
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19
Q

Functions of Iron

A
  • part of hemoglobin and myoglobin, which metabolize and transport oxygen
  • part of enzymes for energy metabolism, drug/alcohol transformation, excretion of organic compounds
  • cofactor in synthesis of neurotransmitters
  • production of lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells
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20
Q

UL for Iron

A

45 mg/day

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21
Q

Symptoms of Iron Toxicity

A
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • stomach irritation
  • diarrhea
  • impaired absorption of trace minerals
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22
Q

What is the leading cause of poisoning of children in the US under the age of 6?

A

Iron overdose

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23
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Genetic disorder characterized by increased absorption of iron, saturation of iron-binding proteins, and iron deposits in the liver, heart, pancreas, joints, and pituitary gland.
• Can lead to liver disease and heart failure.
• Treat with periodic blood removal and chelator drugs.

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24
Q

Zinc is found in…

A
  • protein-rich meat
  • seafood
  • nuts
  • beans
  • wheat germ
  • whole grains
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25
Q

RDA for Zinc

A

11 mg/day for men, 8 mg/day for women

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26
Q

DV for Zinc

A

15 mg

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27
Q

Zinc is absorbed in the ____________ by ____________ and _____________, excreted in the ________, but sometimes in the ________ and ________.

A 
small intestine
simple diffusion
active transport
feces
urine
sweat
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28
Q

Metallothionein

A

Protein involved in the binding and release of zinc and copper in intestinal and liver cells

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29
Q

Zinc absorption is increased by…

A
  • certain amino acids

* yeast

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30
Q

Zinc absorption is decreased by…

A
  • phytic acid
  • fiber
  • too much zinc
  • high nonheme iron intake
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31
Q

There are no storage sites for zinc, but there are zinc pools in…

A

the liver, bones, pancreas, kidneys, and blood

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32
Q

Functions of Zinc

A
  • DNA/RNA/heme synthesis
  • bone formation
  • taste acuity
  • immune function
  • reproduction
  • growth and development
  • antioxidant defense network
  • stabilize structures of cell membrane proteins/gene transcription fingers/receptor proteins for vitamin A, vitamin D, and thyroid hormone
  • shortens duration of common colds
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33
Q

Symptoms of Zinc Deficiency

A
  • loss of appetite
  • delayed growth and sexual maturation
  • dermatitis
  • impaired vitamin A function
  • alopecia
  • decreased taste sensitivity
  • poor wound healing
  • immune dysfunction
  • diarrhea
  • birth defects
  • increased infant mortality
  • impaired integrity of zinc-containing structural proteins
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34
Q

UL for Zinc

A

40 mg/day

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35
Q

Symptoms of Zinc Toxicity

A
  • loss of appetite
  • vomiting
  • nausea
  • intestinal cramps
  • diarrhea
  • impaired immune function and copper absorption
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36
Q

Copper is found in…

A
  • liver
  • shellfish
  • nuts
  • lentils
  • seeds
  • soy products
  • dark chocolate
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37
Q

RDA for Copper

A

900 micrograms/day

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38
Q

DV for Copper

A

2 mg

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39
Q

Copper is absorbed in the _______________ by ____________ and ____________ to the ________, which is the main storage site, and the _________. It is then excreted through ______________.

A 
small intestine
simple diffusion
active transport
liver
kidneys
bile in the feces
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40
Q

Absorption of copper varies from ___% to ___%

A

12 to 70%

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41
Q

Copper absorption is decreased by…

A

high intakes of iron, zinc, and phytate

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42
Q

Functions of Copper

A
  • forms ceruloplasmin to oxidize ferrous iron ferric iron
  • part of superoxide dismutase (SOD) ezymes to eliminate superoxide free radicals (which stops cell membrane oxidation)
  • part of last step of electron transfer chain
  • regulation of neurotransmitters
  • connective tissue formation
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43
Q

Symptoms of Copper Deficiency

A
  • anemia
  • decreased white blood cell count (leukopenia)
  • skeletal abnormalities (osteopenia)
  • loss of skin and hair pigmentation
  • cardiovascular changes
  • impaired immune function
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44
Q

Copper deficiencies are usually found in…

A
  • premature infants consuming milk-based formula
  • infants recovering from malnutrition
  • patients on long-term total parenteral nutrition without added copper
  • those consuming excess zinc
  • those with Menkes disease
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45
Q

Symptoms of copper toxicity

A
  • abdominal pain
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • cirrhosis
  • neurological damage
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46
Q

Copper toxicity is usually found in…

A
  • children who accidentally overdose on tablets
  • consumption of copper-contaminated food or water
  • those with Wilson’s disease
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47
Q

UL for Copper

A

10 mg/day

→ to prevent liver damage

48
Q

Manganese is found in…

A
  • whole-grain cereals
  • nuts
  • legumes
  • leafy greens
  • tea
49
Q

AI for Manganese

A

2.3 mg/day for men, 1.8 mg/day for women

50
Q

DV for Manganese

A

2 mg

51
Q

Manganese is absorbed in the _____________ via _____________ and ___________. It then goes to the ______ before travelling to other tissues, such as the __________, _______, and _______. Then, it’s excreted via ________.

A 
small intestine
simple diffusion
active transport
liver
pancreas
kidney
bone
bile
52
Q

What percentage of manganese consumed is absorbed?

A

5-10%

53
Q

Manganese absorption is reduced by…

A

• high intakes of manganese, copper, nonheme iron, fiber, phytates, and oxalates

54
Q

Manganese absorption is increased by…

A
  • low manganese intake

* iron deficiency

55
Q

Functions of Manganese

A

• cofactor for enzymes to participate in various metabolic reactions

56
Q

Symptoms of Manganese Deficiency

A
  • vomiting
  • poor growth
  • skeletal abnormalities
  • impaired carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
  • abnormal reproductive function
57
Q

Manganese toxicity is found in…

A
  • long term parenteral nutrition

* inhalation of airborne industrial and automobile emissions

58
Q

Symptoms of Manganese toxicity

A
  • severe neurological impairment

* symptoms similar to Parkinson’s disease

59
Q

UL for Manganese

A

11 mg/day

60
Q

Iodine is found in…

A
  • saltwater seafood
  • seaweed
  • iodized salt
  • dairy products
61
Q

The bioavailability of iodine is reduced by…

A

goitrogens, found in raw vegetables

62
Q

RDA for Iodine

A

150 micrograms/day

63
Q

DV for Iodine

A

150 micrograms/day

64
Q

Iodine is efficiently absorbed in the ___________. It is then sent to the ________, where it is accumulated to support ___________ synthesis. It’s later excreted by _______ into ______, rarely by ______.

A 
small intestine
thyroid gland
thyroid hormone
kidneys
urine
feces
65
Q

Functions of Iodine

A
  • component of thyroid hormones
  • involved in regulation of basal energy expenditure
  • macronutrient metabolism
  • brain/nervous system development
  • overall growth
66
Q

Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) Symptoms

A 
• enlarged thyroid (goiter)
∟ impairs esophagus and trachea function
• can affect offspring if you're pregnant
∟ congenital abnormalities
∟ low birth weight
∟ neurological disorders
∟ impaired mental function
∟ poor physical development
∟ death
67
Q

Iodine deficiency can also lead to what condition, characterized by severe mental retardation, loss of hearing/speech abilities, short stature, and muscle spasicity?

A

cretinism

68
Q

Symptoms of Iodine Toxicity

A
  • enlargement of thyroid gland
  • autoimmune thyroid disease
  • thyroid cancer
69
Q

UL for Iodine

A

1100 micrograms/day

70
Q

Selenium is found in…

A
  • seafood
  • meats
  • cereals
  • grains
71
Q

Selenium content varies in relation to _____ content

A

soil

72
Q

RDA for Selenium

A

55 micrograms/day

73
Q

DV for Selenium

A

70 micrograms/day

74
Q

Bound to _______ and ________, 50 to 100% of selenium is absorbed in the _______________, and then is sent to ________________ and is later excreted through the _________.

A 
methionine
cysteine
small intestine
target tissues and cells
urine
75
Q

Functions of Selenium

A

• component of more than 25 enzymes and proteins
∟ glutathione peroxidase (GPx) ezymes
∟ thioredoxin reductase enzymes
∟ selenoprotein P
• prevents lipid peroxidation and cell membrane damage
• thyroid metabolism
• immune function (against Keshan disease, prostate/lung/other cancer)

76
Q

A deficiency of selenium can lead to what condition?

A

Keshan disease

77
Q

Symptoms of Selenium Toxicity

A
  • nausea
  • diarrhea
  • fatigue
  • hair loss
  • changes in nails
  • impairment of sulfur and protein metabolism
78
Q

UL for Selenium

A

400 micrograms/day

79
Q

Chromium is found in…

A
  • meats
  • liver
  • fish
  • eggs
  • whole-grain products
  • broccoli
  • mushrooms
  • dried beans
  • nuts
  • dark chocolate
80
Q

Can cooking in steel cookware transfer chromium to food?

A

yes

81
Q

AI for Chromium

A 
Between 19-50 years old
• 35 micrograms/day for men
• 25 micrograms/day for women
Over the age of 50
• 30 micrograms/day for men
• 20 micrograms/day for women
82
Q

DV for Chromium

A

120 micrograms/day

83
Q

Little chromium is absorbed, and it enters the _______ where it can be transported to the _______, ______, _______, or _______, and it is later excreted in ______ but sometimes ______.

A 
bloodstream
bones
liver
kidneys
spleen
feces
urine
84
Q

Chromium absorption is increased by…

A

consumption of vitamin C

85
Q

Chromium absorption is reduced by…

A

consumption of phytates

86
Q

Functions of Chromium

A
  • enhance insulinaction
  • promote glucose uptake into cells
  • normalize blood sugar levels
87
Q

Where are chromium deficiencies found, and what are their symptoms?

A

Found in those who take parenteral solutions that are chromium-free.
• weight loss
• glucose intolerance
• nerve damage

88
Q

Fluoride is found in…

A
  • fluoridated water
  • tea
  • seafood
  • seaweed
  • fluoridated oral care
89
Q

AI for Fluoride

A

3 mg/day for women
4 mg/day for men
0.5 mg/day for infants
0.7-3 mg/day for children and teens

90
Q

80-90% of consumed fluoride is absorbed in the __________ and ____________ via _____________. Fluoride then enters the _________ and is taken to the _______ and the ______, and it is removed by ________________ and __________ excretion.

A 
stomach
small intestine
passive diffusion
blood stream
teeth
skeleton
calcified tissue deposition
urinary
91
Q

Functions of Fluoride

A
  • support deposition of calcium and phosphorus in teeth and bones
  • prevention of cavities
  • erode tooth enamel
92
Q

Toxicity is found mainly in what, and what are the symptoms?

A 
Children who overdose (like eating toothpaste)
• nausea
• vomiting
• diarrhea
• sweating
• spasms
• convulsions
• coma
• mottling/fluorosis (pitting, discoloration of enamel)
93
Q

UL for Fluoride

A

10 mg/day over the age of 8

0.7-2.2 mg/day under the age of 8

94
Q

Molybdenum is found in…

A

plant-based foods

95
Q

Molybdenum content levels vary with…

A

soil

96
Q

RDA for Molybdenum

A

45 micrograms/day

97
Q

Function of Molybdenum

A

cofactor of oxidase enzymes

98
Q

UL for Molybdenum

A

2000 micrograms/day

→ can lead to goutlike symptoms of joint inflammation

99
Q

Arsenic is found in…

A
  • fish
  • grains
  • cereals
100
Q

What is the estimated daily need for arsenic?

A

12-25 micrograms/day

101
Q

Functions of Arsenic

A
  • amino acid metabolism

* DNA function

102
Q

Boron is found in…

A
  • legumes
  • fruits
  • vegetables
  • potatoes
  • wine
103
Q

What is the estimated daily need for boron?

A

1-13 mg/day

104
Q

UL for Boron

A

20 mg

105
Q

Functions of Boron

A
  • cell membrane function (ion transport)

* steroid hormone metabolism

106
Q

Nickel is found in…

A
  • chocolate
  • nuts
  • legumes
  • whole grains
107
Q

What is the estimated daily need for nickel?

A

25-35 micrograms/day

108
Q

UL for Nickel

A

1 mg

109
Q

Functions of Nickel

A

amino acid, vitamin B12, folic acid, and amino acid metabolism

110
Q

Silicon is found in…

A
  • root vegetables

* whole grains

111
Q

What is the estimated daily need for silicon?

A

35-40 micrograms/day

112
Q

Function of Silicon

A

bone formation

113
Q

Vanadium is found in…

A
  • shellfish
  • mushrooms
  • parsley
  • dill
114
Q

What is the estimated daily need for vanadium?

A

10 micrograms/day

115
Q

UL for Vanadium

A

1.8 mg

116
Q

Function of Vanadium

A

mimics insulin action

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