Chapter 15 - Trace Minerals Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Trace minerals are needed in quantities…
A
less than 100 mg/day
2
Q
When all of the trace minerals are combined, what percent of minerals in the body do they make up?
A
less than 1%
3
Q
How many women and children are deficient in iron?
A
2/3 of all children and women of child bearing age
4
Q
Heme Iron
A
Iron provided from animal tissues primarily as a component of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Approximately 40% of the iron in meat is heme iron, and it’s readily absorbed.
5
Q
Nonheme Iron
A
Iron provided from plant sources and elemental iron components of animal tissues. Nonheme iron is less efficiently absorbed than heme iron, and absorption is more closely dependent on body needs.
6
Q
Iron is found in…
A
- meats
- seafood
- bakery products
- spinach (and other dark leafy greens)
- kidney/garbanzo/navy beans
7
Q
Can cooking in an iron pan transfer iron to food?
A
yes
8
Q
You need ___ mg/day unless you are a woman who gets her period, then you need __ mg/day
A
8 mg/day, 18 mg/day
9
Q
Ferritin
A
Iron-binding proteins in the intestinal mucosa that binds iron and prevents it from entering the bloodstream; also the primary storage form of iron in the liver and other tissues
10
Q
Low iron stores means low ________ levels, so that more iron can enter to mucosal iron pool and transport into the bloodstream.
A
ferritin
11
Q
What enhances iron uptake?
A
transferrin surface receptors
12
Q
Lysosome
A
Cell organelle that digests proteins, such as transferrin, and breaks down bacteria and old/damaged cell components
13
Q
Hemosiderin
A
Iron-binding protein in the liver that stores iron when iron levels in the body exceed the storage capacity of ferritin
14
Q
What percent of iron is recovered and recycled, and what percent is excreted?
A
90% ; 10%
15
Q
What protein aids in the regulation of iron absorption and balance?
A
Hepcidin
16
Q
What percentage of consumed iron is absorbed (assuming adequate iron status)?
A
14-18%
17
Q
What can reduce iron absorption?
A
- phytic acid
- oxalic acid
- high fiber
- polyphenols
- excessive intake of zinc, manganese, or calcium
- reduced gastric acidity
18
Q
What can increase iron absorption?
A
- meat protein factor (MPF)
- vitamin C (to form ferrous iron)
- gastric acidity
19
Q
Functions of Iron
A
- part of hemoglobin and myoglobin, which metabolize and transport oxygen
- part of enzymes for energy metabolism, drug/alcohol transformation, excretion of organic compounds
- cofactor in synthesis of neurotransmitters
- production of lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells
20
Q
UL for Iron
A
45 mg/day
21
Q
Symptoms of Iron Toxicity
A
- nausea
- vomiting
- stomach irritation
- diarrhea
- impaired absorption of trace minerals
22
Q
What is the leading cause of poisoning of children in the US under the age of 6?
A
Iron overdose
23
Q
Hemochromatosis
A
Genetic disorder characterized by increased absorption of iron, saturation of iron-binding proteins, and iron deposits in the liver, heart, pancreas, joints, and pituitary gland.
• Can lead to liver disease and heart failure.
• Treat with periodic blood removal and chelator drugs.
24
Q
Zinc is found in…
A
- protein-rich meat
- seafood
- nuts
- beans
- wheat germ
- whole grains
25
RDA for Zinc
11 mg/day for men, 8 mg/day for women
26
DV for Zinc
15 mg
27
Zinc is absorbed in the ____________ by ____________ and _____________, excreted in the ________, but sometimes in the ________ and ________.
```
small intestine
simple diffusion
active transport
feces
urine
sweat
```
28
Metallothionein
Protein involved in the binding and release of zinc and copper in intestinal and liver cells
29
Zinc absorption is increased by...
* certain amino acids
| * yeast
30
Zinc absorption is decreased by...
* phytic acid
* fiber
* too much zinc
* high nonheme iron intake
31
There are no storage sites for zinc, but there are zinc pools in...
the liver, bones, pancreas, kidneys, and blood
32
Functions of Zinc
* DNA/RNA/heme synthesis
* bone formation
* taste acuity
* immune function
* reproduction
* growth and development
* antioxidant defense network
* stabilize structures of cell membrane proteins/gene transcription fingers/receptor proteins for vitamin A, vitamin D, and thyroid hormone
* shortens duration of common colds
33
Symptoms of Zinc Deficiency
* loss of appetite
* delayed growth and sexual maturation
* dermatitis
* impaired vitamin A function
* alopecia
* decreased taste sensitivity
* poor wound healing
* immune dysfunction
* diarrhea
* birth defects
* increased infant mortality
* impaired integrity of zinc-containing structural proteins
34
UL for Zinc
40 mg/day
35
Symptoms of Zinc Toxicity
* loss of appetite
* vomiting
* nausea
* intestinal cramps
* diarrhea
* impaired immune function and copper absorption
36
Copper is found in...
* liver
* shellfish
* nuts
* lentils
* seeds
* soy products
* dark chocolate
37
RDA for Copper
900 micrograms/day
38
DV for Copper
2 mg
39
Copper is absorbed in the _______________ by ____________ and ____________ to the ________, which is the main storage site, and the _________. It is then excreted through ______________.
```
small intestine
simple diffusion
active transport
liver
kidneys
bile in the feces
```
40
Absorption of copper varies from ___% to ___%
12 to 70%
41
Copper absorption is decreased by...
high intakes of iron, zinc, and phytate
42
Functions of Copper
* forms ceruloplasmin to oxidize ferrous iron ferric iron
* part of superoxide dismutase (SOD) ezymes to eliminate superoxide free radicals (which stops cell membrane oxidation)
* part of last step of electron transfer chain
* regulation of neurotransmitters
* connective tissue formation
43
Symptoms of Copper Deficiency
* anemia
* decreased white blood cell count (leukopenia)
* skeletal abnormalities (osteopenia)
* loss of skin and hair pigmentation
* cardiovascular changes
* impaired immune function
44
Copper deficiencies are usually found in...
* premature infants consuming milk-based formula
* infants recovering from malnutrition
* patients on long-term total parenteral nutrition without added copper
* those consuming excess zinc
* those with Menkes disease
45
Symptoms of copper toxicity
* abdominal pain
* nausea
* vomiting
* diarrhea
* cirrhosis
* neurological damage
46
Copper toxicity is usually found in...
* children who accidentally overdose on tablets
* consumption of copper-contaminated food or water
* those with Wilson's disease
47
UL for Copper
10 mg/day
| → to prevent liver damage
48
Manganese is found in...
* whole-grain cereals
* nuts
* legumes
* leafy greens
* tea
49
AI for Manganese
2.3 mg/day for men, 1.8 mg/day for women
50
DV for Manganese
2 mg
51
Manganese is absorbed in the _____________ via _____________ and ___________. It then goes to the ______ before travelling to other tissues, such as the __________, _______, and _______. Then, it's excreted via ________.
```
small intestine
simple diffusion
active transport
liver
pancreas
kidney
bone
bile
```
52
What percentage of manganese consumed is absorbed?
5-10%
53
Manganese absorption is reduced by...
• high intakes of manganese, copper, nonheme iron, fiber, phytates, and oxalates
54
Manganese absorption is increased by...
* low manganese intake
| * iron deficiency
55
Functions of Manganese
• cofactor for enzymes to participate in various metabolic reactions
56
Symptoms of Manganese Deficiency
* vomiting
* poor growth
* skeletal abnormalities
* impaired carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
* abnormal reproductive function
57
Manganese toxicity is found in...
* long term parenteral nutrition
| * inhalation of airborne industrial and automobile emissions
58
Symptoms of Manganese toxicity
* severe neurological impairment
| * symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease
59
UL for Manganese
11 mg/day
60
Iodine is found in...
* saltwater seafood
* seaweed
* iodized salt
* dairy products
61
The bioavailability of iodine is reduced by...
goitrogens, found in raw vegetables
62
RDA for Iodine
150 micrograms/day
63
DV for Iodine
150 micrograms/day
64
Iodine is efficiently absorbed in the ___________. It is then sent to the ________, where it is accumulated to support ___________ synthesis. It's later excreted by _______ into ______, rarely by ______.
```
small intestine
thyroid gland
thyroid hormone
kidneys
urine
feces
```
65
Functions of Iodine
* component of thyroid hormones
* involved in regulation of basal energy expenditure
* macronutrient metabolism
* brain/nervous system development
* overall growth
66
Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) Symptoms
```
• enlarged thyroid (goiter)
∟ impairs esophagus and trachea function
• can affect offspring if you're pregnant
∟ congenital abnormalities
∟ low birth weight
∟ neurological disorders
∟ impaired mental function
∟ poor physical development
∟ death
```
67
Iodine deficiency can also lead to what condition, characterized by severe mental retardation, loss of hearing/speech abilities, short stature, and muscle spasicity?
cretinism
68
Symptoms of Iodine Toxicity
* enlargement of thyroid gland
* autoimmune thyroid disease
* thyroid cancer
69
UL for Iodine
1100 micrograms/day
70
Selenium is found in...
* seafood
* meats
* cereals
* grains
71
Selenium content varies in relation to _____ content
soil
72
RDA for Selenium
55 micrograms/day
73
DV for Selenium
70 micrograms/day
74
Bound to _______ and ________, 50 to 100% of selenium is absorbed in the _______________, and then is sent to ________________ and is later excreted through the _________.
```
methionine
cysteine
small intestine
target tissues and cells
urine
```
75
Functions of Selenium
• component of more than 25 enzymes and proteins
∟ glutathione peroxidase (GPx) ezymes
∟ thioredoxin reductase enzymes
∟ selenoprotein P
• prevents lipid peroxidation and cell membrane damage
• thyroid metabolism
• immune function (against Keshan disease, prostate/lung/other cancer)
76
A deficiency of selenium can lead to what condition?
Keshan disease
77
Symptoms of Selenium Toxicity
* nausea
* diarrhea
* fatigue
* hair loss
* changes in nails
* impairment of sulfur and protein metabolism
78
UL for Selenium
400 micrograms/day
79
Chromium is found in...
* meats
* liver
* fish
* eggs
* whole-grain products
* broccoli
* mushrooms
* dried beans
* nuts
* dark chocolate
80
Can cooking in steel cookware transfer chromium to food?
yes
81
AI for Chromium
```
Between 19-50 years old
• 35 micrograms/day for men
• 25 micrograms/day for women
Over the age of 50
• 30 micrograms/day for men
• 20 micrograms/day for women
```
82
DV for Chromium
120 micrograms/day
83
Little chromium is absorbed, and it enters the _______ where it can be transported to the _______, ______, _______, or _______, and it is later excreted in ______ but sometimes ______.
```
bloodstream
bones
liver
kidneys
spleen
feces
urine
```
84
Chromium absorption is increased by...
consumption of vitamin C
85
Chromium absorption is reduced by...
consumption of phytates
86
Functions of Chromium
* enhance insulinaction
* promote glucose uptake into cells
* normalize blood sugar levels
87
Where are chromium deficiencies found, and what are their symptoms?
Found in those who take parenteral solutions that are chromium-free.
• weight loss
• glucose intolerance
• nerve damage
88
Fluoride is found in...
* fluoridated water
* tea
* seafood
* seaweed
* fluoridated oral care
89
AI for Fluoride
3 mg/day for women
4 mg/day for men
0.5 mg/day for infants
0.7-3 mg/day for children and teens
90
80-90% of consumed fluoride is absorbed in the __________ and ____________ via _____________. Fluoride then enters the _________ and is taken to the _______ and the ______, and it is removed by ________________ and __________ excretion.
```
stomach
small intestine
passive diffusion
blood stream
teeth
skeleton
calcified tissue deposition
urinary
```
91
Functions of Fluoride
* support deposition of calcium and phosphorus in teeth and bones
* prevention of cavities
* erode tooth enamel
92
Toxicity is found mainly in what, and what are the symptoms?
```
Children who overdose (like eating toothpaste)
• nausea
• vomiting
• diarrhea
• sweating
• spasms
• convulsions
• coma
• mottling/fluorosis (pitting, discoloration of enamel)
```
93
UL for Fluoride
10 mg/day over the age of 8
| 0.7-2.2 mg/day under the age of 8
94
Molybdenum is found in...
plant-based foods
95
Molybdenum content levels vary with...
soil
96
RDA for Molybdenum
45 micrograms/day
97
Function of Molybdenum
cofactor of oxidase enzymes
98
UL for Molybdenum
2000 micrograms/day
| → can lead to goutlike symptoms of joint inflammation
99
Arsenic is found in...
* fish
* grains
* cereals
100
What is the estimated daily need for arsenic?
12-25 micrograms/day
101
Functions of Arsenic
* amino acid metabolism
| * DNA function
102
Boron is found in...
* legumes
* fruits
* vegetables
* potatoes
* wine
103
What is the estimated daily need for boron?
1-13 mg/day
104
UL for Boron
20 mg
105
Functions of Boron
* cell membrane function (ion transport)
| * steroid hormone metabolism
106
Nickel is found in...
* chocolate
* nuts
* legumes
* whole grains
107
What is the estimated daily need for nickel?
25-35 micrograms/day
108
UL for Nickel
1 mg
109
Functions of Nickel
amino acid, vitamin B12, folic acid, and amino acid metabolism
110
Silicon is found in...
* root vegetables
| * whole grains
111
What is the estimated daily need for silicon?
35-40 micrograms/day
112
Function of Silicon
bone formation
113
Vanadium is found in...
* shellfish
* mushrooms
* parsley
* dill
114
What is the estimated daily need for vanadium?
10 micrograms/day
115
UL for Vanadium
1.8 mg
116
Function of Vanadium
mimics insulin action
