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FSCN 1112 > Chapter 9 - Energy Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Energy Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

Chemical processes in the body that provide energy in useful forms and sustain vital activities

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2
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

Series of chemical reactions occurring in a cell

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3
Q

Intermediate

A

Compound formed in a metabolic pathway

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4
Q

Anabolic

A

Pathways that use small, simple compounds to build larger, more complex compounds.
ex: glucose, fatty acids, cholesterol, amino acids

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5
Q

Catabolic

A

Pathways that break down large compounds into smaller compounds. Energy is usually released.
ex: glycogen

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6
Q

Cells use energy to…

A
  • build compounds
  • contract muscles
  • conduct nerve pulses
  • pump ions
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7
Q

How do catabolic processes release energy?

A

By breaking the chemical bonds in carbs, fats, proteins, and alcohol

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8
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

Main energy currency for cells. ATP energy is used to promote ion pumping, enzyme activity, and muscular contraction.

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9
Q

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

A

Breakdown product of ATP. ADP is synthesized into ATP using energy from foods and a phosphate group (P1)

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10
Q

Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)

A

Breakdown product of ADP when a phosphate group is removed. AMP is produced when ATP is in short supply.

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11
Q

How many pounds of ATP does the body contain at any given time?

A

0.22 lbs

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12
Q

How many pounds of ATP does a sedentary adult use every day?

A

~ 88 lbs

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13
Q

How much ATP is used during an hour of strenuous exercise?

A

66 lbs

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14
Q

Oxidize means to _____ an electron, while reduced means to _____ an electron

A

lose ; gain

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15
Q

What removes hydrogen from energy-yielding compounds or their breakdown products?

A

Dehydrogenases

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16
Q

Coenzyme

A

Compound that combines with an active protein (apoenzyme) to form a catalytically active protein (holoenzyme). In this manner, coenzymes aid in enzyme function.
ex: niacin, riboflavin

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17
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Oxidation (electron removal) of food molecules resulting in the eventual release of energy, CO2, and water.

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18
Q

Aerobic

A

Requiring oxygen.

More efficient at producing ATP.

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19
Q

Anaerobic

A

Not requiring oxygen.

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20
Q

Cytosol

A

Water-based phase of a cell’s cytoplasm; excludes organelles, such as mitochondria

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21
Q

What are the 4 stages of aerobic cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Transition Reaction
  3. Citric Acid Cycle
  4. Electron Transport Chain
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22
Q

Stage 1 of Aerobic Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis

A

Glucose is oxidized and forms 2 molecules of the 3 carbon compounds pyruvate, produces NADH + H+, and generates a net of 2 molecules of ATP.
- Occurs in cytosol

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23
Q

Stage 2 of Aerobic Cellular Respiration: Transition Reaction

A

Pyruvate is further oxidized and joined with conezyme A (CoA) to form acetyl-CoA.
Produces NADH + H+ and releases CO2 as a waste product.
- Occurs in mitochondria

24
Q

Stage 3 of Aerobic Cellular Respiration: Citric Acid Cycle (or Krebs Cycle, Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA Cycle))

A

Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, resulting iin the production of NADH + H+, FADH2, and ATP.
CO2 is released as a waste product.
- Occurs in mitochondria

25
Q

Stage 4 of Aerobic Cellular Respiration: Electron Transport Chain

A

The NADH + H+ produced in stages 1 - 3 and FADH2 from stage 3 enter the electron transport chain.
The NADH + H+ is oxidized to NAD+. and FADH2 is oxidized to FAD.
At the end of the electron transport chain, O2 is combined with hydrogen ions (H+) and electrons to form water.
Most ATP is produced in the electron transport chain, so the mitochondria are the cell’s major energy-producing organelles.

26
Q

Mitochondria

A

Main sites of energy production in a cell that also contains the pathway for oxidizing fat for fuel, among other metabolic pathways.

27
Q

Roles of Glycolysis

A

Break down carbs to provide energy and provide building blocks for synthesizing other compounds

28
Q

The transition reaction requires coenzymes from…

A

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and pantothenic acid

29
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Process by which energy dervied from the oxidation of NADH + H+ and FADH2 is transferred to ADP + P1 to form ATP

30
Q

Cytochrome

A

Electron-transfer compound that participates in the electron transport chain
ex: iron

31
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis

A

Pyruvate + NADH + H+ —> Lactate + NAD+

32
Q

What is the only method for making ATP in cells without mitochondria?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

33
Q

Lactate is also created during what?

A

Intensive exercise

34
Q

Lipolysis

A

Breakdown of triglyercides to glycerol and fatty acids

35
Q

Fatty Acid Oxidation (AKA Beta-Oxidation)

A

Breakdown of fatty acids into compounds that enter the citric acid cycle.
- Occurs in mitochondria

36
Q

Carnitine

A

Compound used to shuttle fatty acids from the cytosol of the cell to the mitochondria

37
Q

Pyruvate can synthesize ______ for the citric acid cycle.

A

Oxaloacetate

38
Q

Ketone Bodies

A

Incomplete breakdown products of fat, containing 3 or 4 carbons. Most contain a chemical group called a ketone.
ex: acetoacetic acid

39
Q

Ketosis

A

Condition of having a higher concentration of ketone bodies and related breakdown products in the bloodstream and tissues.
Can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis.

40
Q

Where does metabolism protein take place?

A

Liver (except amino acids leucine, isoleucine, valine)

41
Q

Glucogenic Amino Acids

A

Amino acid that can be converted into glucose via gluconeogenesis

42
Q

Ketogenic Amino Acids

A

Amino acid that can be converted to acetyl-CoA and form ketones

43
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Generation of new glucose from glucogenic amino acids.

44
Q

The catabolism of amino acids creates ________, which must be excreted

A

ammonia (NH3)

45
Q

What is the main pathway or alcohol metabolism?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

46
Q

Alcohol is mainly metabolized in the ______, although 10-30% of it may be metabolized in the _________

A

liver ; stomach

47
Q

Steatosis

A

Accumulation of fat in the liver

48
Q

What is a pathway to metabolize excess alcohol?

A

Micromosal Ethanol Oxidizing System (MEOS)

49
Q

What is a minor pathway for alcohol metabolism?

A

Catalase pathway

50
Q

The liver is important for what metabolic processes?

A
  • conversions between various forms of simple sugars
  • fat synthesis
  • production of ketone bodies
  • amino acid metabolism
  • urea production
  • alcohol metaolism
  • nutrient storage
51
Q

What vitamins are needed for metabolic pathways to operate? (9)

A
  • B-vitamins
  • thiamin
  • riboflavin
  • niacin
  • pantothenic acid
  • biotin
  • vitamin B-6
  • folate
  • vitamin B-12
52
Q

What minerals are needed for metabolic pathways to operate?

A

iron, copper

53
Q

When your lean body mass declines by __%, after ___ to ___ weeks of fasting, you will die

A

50% ; 7 to 10 weeks

54
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Synthesis of fat from excess carb or protein intake

55
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

Enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase doesn’t function efficiently in the liver to convert phenylalanine into tyrosine

56
Q

Galactosemia

A

2 specific enzyme defects lead to a reduction in the metabolism of galactose into glucose

57
Q

Glycogen Storage Disease

A

Liver is unable to convert glycogen to glucose

FSCN 1112 (14 decks)

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