Chapter 14 Part One - Water

Question 1

How long can you survive without water?

Answer 1

a few days

Question 2

Water accounts for ___ to ___% of our body weight

Answer 2

50-75%

Question 3

Intracellular

Answer 3

Found inside of the cell

- 2/3 of body water is this

Question 4

Extracellular

Answer 4

Found outside of the cell

Question 5

Interstital Fluid

Answer 5

extracellular fluid between cells

Question 6

Intravascular Fluid

Answer 6

extracellular fluid in the blood and lymph

Question 7

Solute

Answer 7

Substance dissolved in another substance (solvent), forming a solution.

Question 8

Electrolytes

Answer 8

Compounds that separate into ions in water, making them able to conduct an electrical current.
- Type of solute

Question 9

Ions

Answer 9

Atoms with an unequal number of protons and electrons

Question 10

Concentration Gradient

Answer 10

Difference in the concentration of a solute from one area to another. Normally, a solute moves from where it is most concentrated to where it is least concentrated. When sodium is pumped outside the cell and potassium is pumped inside the cell, they are moving instead to where each is most concentrated- that is, against the concentration gradient.

Question 11

Osmosis

Answer 11

Passive diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane, ex: a cell membrane

Question 12

Roles of Water

Answer 12

• maintenance of blood volume
• transport of nutrients and oxygen throughout the body
• basis for fluids synthesized in the body
• joint lubricant
• solvent in metabolic processes
• reactant in chemical reactions
• temperature regulation
• waste product removal

Question 13

Specific Heat

Answer 13

Heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of any substance by one degree Celsius

Question 14

Water has a (high or low) specific heat?

Answer 14

High → tends to resist large temperature fluctuations as a result

Question 15

Typical daily urine output

Answer 15

1-2 L

Question 16

Minimum daily urine output

Answer 16

600 mL

Question 17

What is the greatest food source of water?

Answer 17

Beverages and Liquid Foods (Soup/Broth)

Question 18

What are other sources of water?

Answer 18

Fruits and Vegetables;

Potatoes and Chicken/Steak

Question 19

AI for Water

Answer 19

3.7 L for men, 2.7 L for women

Question 20

How much water is produced from metabolism every day?

Answer 20

250-350 mL

Question 21

Insensible Water Losses

Answer 21

Losses we don’t notice (sweat, respiration)

Question 22

What two body parts are known for recycling water

Answer 22

kidneys and the intestines

Question 23

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) 
(AKA Arginine Vasopressin)

Answer 23

Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that signals the kidneys to decrease water excretion

Question 24

Renin

Answer 24

Enzyme formed in the kidneys that is released in response to a low blood pressure.
Acts on the blood protein angiotensinogen I to angiotensinogen II.

Question 25

Angiotensinogen II

Answer 25

Compound, produced from angiotensinogen I, that increases blood vessel constriction and triggers the production of the hormone aldosterone

Question 26

Aldosterone

Answer 26

Hormone, produced in the adrenal glands, that acts on the kidneys, causing them to retain sodium and water

Question 27

What can lead to dehydration?

Answer 27

• diarrhea
• vomiting
• fever
• heavy exercise
• hot weather
• dry environment
• high altitudes

Question 28

Signs of Dehydration

Answer 28

• dry mouth and skin
• fatigue and muscle weakness
• decreased urine output
• deep yellow (concentrated) urine
• headaches
• dizziness

Question 29

Hyponatremia

Answer 29

Low sodium levels in the blood