Chapter 14

Question 1

mental disorder definition

Answer 1

pattern of mental symptoms causing significant problems in life (psychopathology/mental illness), cause distress beyond what is normal

Question 2

medical student syndrome

Answer 2

students learn about mental disorders and see them everywhere, can also happen to psych students

Question 3

personality disorders definition

Answer 3

extreme and inflexible personality configurations that lead to significant impairment, often diagnosed with personality disorders and another mental illness

Question 4

requirements to meet diagnosis of a personality disorder

Answer 4

problems in most aspects of life, inflexible in behavior, experiencing major life problems, signs of personality disorder since adolescence, behaviors not due to another mental disorder, behaviors not due to another physical disorder

Question 5

how PDs can be diagnosed

Answer 5

structured clinical interview, use specific, well-validated questions, which is more reliable than semi/unstructured interviews, use DSM (diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders) published by the APA

Question 6

Cluster A

Answer 6

(odd-eccentric) Paranoid PD, Schizoid PD, Schizotypal PD

Question 7

Paranoid PD

Answer 7

paranoid, suspicious, trouble trusting friends, hostile attribution bias

Question 8

Schizoid PD

Answer 8

detachment from close relationships, lack of pleasure in life, no interest in forming relationships

Question 9

Schizotypal PD

Answer 9

problematic social relationships, odd/eccentric thinking, ideas of reference (belief that certain aspects of external world have special meaning), unusual beliefs in psychic powers/body illusion (thinking parts of their body are not under their control), out of body experience

Question 10

Cluster B

Answer 10

Antisocial PD, Borderline PD, Histrionic PD

Question 11

Antisocial PD

Answer 11

unwillingness to follow social norms and obey authority, law-breaking and risky, irresponsible behavior

Question 12

Borderline PD

Answer 12

unstable emotions fluctuating self-esteem, turbulent relationships, see relationships vary between very positive then negative, more likely toward suicide, feels empty inside so engage in destructive behaviors to feel something

Question 13

Histrionic PD

Answer 13

dramatic and attention-seeking, seems like a diva, dramatic and inappropriately sexual

Question 14

Cluster C

Answer 14

Avoidant PD, Dependent PD, Obsessive-Compulsive PD

Question 15

Avoidant PD

Answer 15

socially anxious and withdrawn, trouble starting and maintaining a relationship due to fear of rejection

Question 16

Dependent PD

Answer 16

need to be cared for or dependent upon another, unable to make decisions without approval of someone else, need tremendous amount of reassurance

Question 17

Obsessive-Compulsive PD

Answer 17

overly concerned with being perfect/orderly, trouble working with others, and adapting to situations due to need for control

Question 18

personality and the big 5

Answer 18

people with PD often are high in neuroticism, more anxious, callous, hostile, depressive, grandiose, manipulative, extraversion and conscientiousness vary, openness to experience is unrelated

Question 19

borderline PD personality and the big 5

Answer 19

difficulty in emotional regulation, especially controlling anxiety and negative self-thoughts, high neuroticism, low agreeableness and conscientiousness

Question 20

schizoid PD and the big 5

Answer 20

little desire to connect with the social world, low in traits, very low in extraversion

Question 21

dependent PD and the big 5

Answer 21

need to be cared for, high in neuroticism and agreeableness, low extraversion

Question 22

how personality disorders develop

Answer 22

genetic factors make up half of variation in PD, identical twins are more likely to suffer same PD, parenting plays a role with negative childhood making PDs more likely as an adult

Question 23

PD symptoms over time and prominence

Answer 23

lessen as people mature, peak during early adolescence, men 2x more likely to have personality disorder (5x more likely in cluster A)

Question 24

personality disorders across cultures

Answer 24

little research on variation across cultures, one study found low PD rates in Western Europe and higher rates in US

Question 25

PID-5 diagnostic model

Answer 25

personality inventory for DSM-5, capture more extreme and pathological behaviors (NDAIP)

Question 26

NDAIP acronym

Answer 26

negative affectivity (extreme neuroticism)
detachment (extreme introversion)
antagonism (extreme low agreeableness)
disinhibition (extreme low conscientiousness)
psychoticism (extreme openness to experience)