Chapter 3

Question 1

what are traits

Answer 1

relatively stable tendencies of individuals

Question 2

lexical hypothesis

Answer 2

idea that there is a word to describe any individual difference in personality in every language/culture

Question 3

ideas of the lexical hypothesis

Answer 3

most important traits are represented by single words, factor analysis correlates responses into clusters, lead to five major traits

Question 4

what are the big five

Answer 4

openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (OCEAN)

Question 5

what are facets of the big five

Answer 5

subcategories of the big five traits, show diversity of characteristics and help avoid misunderstandings

Question 6

range of personality traits

Answer 6

scores found on a continuum, is dimensional not dichotomous

Question 7

facets for openness

Answer 7

fantasy, actions, aesthetics, ideas, feelings, values

Question 8

facets for conscientiousness

Answer 8

competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving, self-discipline, deliberation

Question 9

facets of extroversion

Answer 9

warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement-seeking, positive emotions

Question 10

facets of agreeableness

Answer 10

trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, tendermindedness

Question 11

facets of neuroticism

Answer 11

anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsivity, vulnerability

Question 12

tendencies of high extroversion

Answer 12

prefer to be with people, want to be leaders, more active, more happiness, seek stimulation and excitement

Question 13

tendencies of low extroversion

Answer 13

prefer quiet and solitude, would rather interact with close friends and family

Question 14

cultural differences with extroversion

Answer 14

Americans tend to score higher on extroversion, idea of getting routine joy from social factors is a western concept

Question 15

tendencies of high agreeableness

Answer 15

trusting and sympathetic, cooperation rather than competition, honest, forthright, humble, self-effacing, compliant, good friends and caring romantic partners

Question 16

tendencies of disagreeableness (antagonism)

Answer 16

skeptical, cynical, dishonest, aggressive, grandiose, egocentric, manipulative, callous, more likely to do crime/unprotected sex/drug abuse, antisocial behavior, can be motivating, more likely to have hostile attribution bias

Question 17

hostile attribution bias

Answer 17

perceiving actions or words to be more hostile and intentional than they are

Question 18

tendencies of high conscientiousness

Answer 18

high willpower, organized, work hard toward goals despite distraction or boredom, good mental and physical health, academic and professional success

Question 19

tendencies of low conscientiousness

Answer 19

impulsivity, easily distracted, unorganized, less ambitious, more likely to do drugs/alcohol/crime/risky sex/gambling

Question 20

tendencies of high neuroticism

Answer 20

negative emotions, especially intense negative emotions, more likely to take medications/drugs/alcohol to improve mood, more prone to mental health issues (including substance abuse and eating disorders)

Question 21

physical health issues associated with higher neuroticism

Answer 21

heart issues, obesity, IBS

Question 22

tendencies of high openness

Answer 22

trying new things, playing with complex ideas, liberal and interested in social activism, consider alternative perspectives and beliefs

Question 23

tendencies of low openness

Answer 23

prefer routine, value status quo, favor traditional and conventional activities, conservative

Question 24

misconception about neuroticism

Answer 24

often has negative connotation but it means more of the intensity of emotions experienced

Question 25

one way that each of the big five traits can help you

Answer 25

O - creativity
C - planning and hard work
E - connecting with others
A - getting along with others
N - awareness of danger

Question 26

how is the big five used within personality research

Answer 26

incorporates traits used into other personality models, measure with statements rather than adjectives

Question 27

largest flaw in personality tests like the big five

Answer 27

does not measure the whole person

Question 28

the big five in other cultures

Answer 28

translated into 28 languages, across 56 nations, shows clusters of domains of extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness