Chapter 5

Question 1

William James

Answer 1

psychologist with the self, chapter on the self in “The Principles of Psychology”

Question 2

Freud

Answer 2

discussed German concept of “selbst” (self), ego, ideas largely discredited, psychologist of self

Question 3

Carl Rogers

Answer 3

psychologist of self, changing self is basic to psychotherapy, disagreed with behaviorism and psychoanalysis, people are good, positive self-regard leads to self-actualization

Question 4

Rogers five characteristics

Answer 4

openness to experience, existential living, trusting own feelings, creativity, fulfilled life

Question 5

openness to experiences

Answer 5

fully functioning person can accept positive and negative emotions, negative emotions are not suppressed and are worked through instead of using defensive mechanisms, positive emotions are not externalized or discounted

Question 6

existential living

Answer 6

person who is fully functioning is in touch with their current experiences, doesn’t allow preconceptions/prior experience to cloud how they are experiencing the moment, appreciate present and not stuck in past or future

Question 7

trusting own gut feeling

Answer 7

person who is fully functioning typically pays attention to and trusts their gut feelings about things, but won’t make decisions purely based upon it, feel they can make the best decision for themselves and trust themselves

Question 8

creativity

Answer 8

person who is fully functioning typically thinks creatively and is open to talking with creative solutions, not playing it safe, ability to adapt to new experiences

Question 9

fulfilled life

Answer 9

person who is fully functioning typically feels fulfilled and satisfied with life and are open to facing new challenges but doesn’t feel forced to

Question 10

twenty statement test

Answer 10

person asked to complete twenty statements starting with “I am…” and can be categorized into five groups, tells about self

Question 11

five categories for twenty statement test

Answer 11

social groups and classifications (age), ideological beliefs, interests, ambitions, self evaluations (tall)

Question 12

what the twenty statement test can tell us about a person

Answer 12

people often name characteristics that make them unique, tells individualism (value needs of self more than group - I am a business owner) or collectivism (needs of group over self - I am a good friend)

Question 13

self-concept

Answer 13

image of self is mad of four main aspects: material self, social, spiritual, true self

Question 14

material self

Answer 14

how we communicate our internal experiences to outside world, things we own an how we alter our body

Question 15

social self

Answer 15

individual self is linked to social relationships, different aspects of self are active when interacting with different people, self-monitoring

Question 16

what is self monitoring

Answer 16

adapting behavior to fit the situations demands, some people do this more or less

Question 17

spiritual self

Answer 17

moral center, not necessarily religious, often related for religious people, includes agreeableness and cognitive abilities like intelligence, part of person that is intuition and right vs. wrong

Question 18

true self

Answer 18

person you “really” are, authenticity is how close you are to true self, has four components that are awareness, unbiased processing, behavior, authentic relationship

Question 19

imposter syndrome/phenomenon

Answer 19

feeling like a fraud/fake, typically occurs when shifting social roles or attempting something beyond skills or training, like they tricked people

Question 20

common treatment for imposter syndrome

Answer 20

mix of CBT for anxiety and depression to address underlying schemas

Question 21

parentification

Answer 21

Castro, Jones, and Mirasalimi, will sacrifice their needs for needs of parents, so struggle to develop independent sense of self and realistic sense of own abilities, as well asl feeling inadequate because no child can meet the needs of a parent

Question 22

the me and the I

Answer 22

William James believed part of self is observing and part is observed, I is the observing part “I feel this way” and me is the observed part “they feel that about me” - have started using self schemas

Question 23

self-esteem

Answer 23

person’s attitude toward him/herself, measured in many ways including Rosenberg self-esteem scale, average score for college students is high, getting participation trophy makes them perform worse

Question 24

factors of self-esteem in adolescence and young adulthood

Answer 24

feedback friends and others, family environment, task proficiency, achievement, self belief, physical appearance

Question 25

good parts of focusing on improving self esteem

Answer 25

feels good, leads to initiate action, correlated with positive outcomes

Question 26

bad parts of focusing on improving self-esteem

Answer 26

self-esteem is not related to improved performance and translation of success in one area to a second related area, correlated with some negative outcomes

Question 27

explicit self-esteem vs. implicit self-esteem

Answer 27

aware of having it vs. not necessarily aware of having it and can be measured with implicit association test, usually people have similar levels of each

Question 28

maintaining self-esteem

Answer 28

self enhancement, self-esteem regulation, sociometer theory, self serving bias, self-evaluation maintenance (SEM)

Question 29

self-enhancement

Answer 29

desire to maintain or increase positive self-concept

Question 30

self-esteem regulation

Answer 30

actions involved in maintaining high self-esteem, form close relationships, belongingness to social groups, experiencing success

Question 31

sociometer theory

Answer 31

level of self-esteem linked to level of belongingness

Question 32

self-serving bias

Answer 32

taking credit for success and denying responsibility for failures

Question 33

self-evaluation maintenance (SEM) model

Answer 33

relates task performance, self-relevance, closeness to self-enhancement

Question 34

self-comparison

Answer 34

being kind to yourself, treating yourself with compassion, components are self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness

Question 35

self-kindness

Answer 35

being kind to yourself, especially when you make mistakes

Question 36

common humanity

Answer 36

awareness that all humans make mistakes, if you forgive others then you have to forgive yourself

Question 37

mindfulness

Answer 37

being aware of thoughts and feelings without becoming attached to them, living in present without dwelling on the past, meditation and relaxation techniques can help

Question 38

self-efficacy

Answer 38

belief that you will effectively and successfully work toward goals, predicts performance in school/work, low self efficacy associated with low performance, mostly for basic tasks (still present but less prominent for complicated tasks), might not cause high performance but is outcome of success

Question 39

narcissism

Answer 39

positive and grandiose self view, two types are grandiose (bold, self-centered, egotistical), vulnerable (low extraversion and assertiveness, high neuroticism, more seen psychiatrically)

Question 40

grandiose narcissism

Answer 40

believe they are better than everyone else and like being around others to prove it, unwavering belief, low neuroticism, admit actively seeking attention, extreme pride but rarely any shame, behaviors are unrelated to how others see it as they already know they are the best, godlike

Question 41

vulnerable narcissism

Answer 41

believe they are better than everyone else and see no need to spend time around others, wavering belief, high neuroticism, don’t admit seeking attention, extreme pride and extreme shame, will behave in ways dependent on how others will see it because want to prove they are the best

Question 42

measuring narcissism

Answer 42

narcissism personality inventory (NPI), high levels of extraversion and low agreeableness, positive self-concept, do not describe themselves as caring, they think they are better than others

Question 43

narcissism and compensation for fear?

Answer 43

it can be a way for compensating for fear, may know internally they are not the best, increased fear leads to increased narcissism, idea they hate themselves is poorly supported

Question 44

self-regulation

Answer 44

process of guiding and directing yourself to a desired state, use mental muscle to manage self in many contexts

Question 45

possible selves

Answer 45

ought self is person you should be, ideal self is person you want to be

Question 46

self-discrepancy theory

Answer 46

relates emotional state to difference between ideal/ought self and actual self

Question 47

tips for improving self control

Answer 47

resist temptations with avoidance, be careful when tired/frustrated, practice exercising self-control

Question 48

self-control

Answer 48

your willpower, higher self-control helps attain long term goals, works like a muscle so needs exertion, is limited (have to work to strengthen) and gets tired (ego depletion) ~ theory recently called into doubt