Chapter 14 Flashcards
Reproductive System (252 cards)
1
Q
genitalia
A
organs of reproduction and their associated structures
2
Q
external genitalia
A
reproductive organs located outside the body cavity
3
Q
internal genitalia
A
reproductive organs protected within the body
4
Q
perineum
A
external surface region between pubic symphysis and coccyx
5
Q
male perineum
A
from scrotum to area around anus
6
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female perineum
A
from pubic symphysis to area around anus
7
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male reproductive system
A
function to produce sperm and deliver them into the female
8
Q
external male genitalia
A
penis and scrotum, which contains two testicles
9
Q
internal male genitalia
A
remaining reproductive structures
10
Q
scrotum
A
sac-like structure, suspended from pubic arch behind penis and lies between thighs
11
Q
testicles
A
testes; two small, egg-shaped glands that produce sperm, develop within abdomen
12
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seminiferous tubules
A
sperm are formed within
13
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epididymis
A
coiled tube at upper part of each testicle, runs down length of testicle, then turns upward toward body, narrows to for vas deferens
14
Q
spermati cord
A
extends upward from epididymis and attache dot each testicle
15
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spermatozoa
A
sperm; male gamates
16
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semen
A
whitish fluid containing sperm that is ejaculated through urethra
17
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spermatogenesis
A
process of sperm formation, move form seminiferous tubules into epididymis where they become motile and move to the vas deferens
18
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penis
A
male sex organ that transports sperm
19
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penile, phallic
A
relating to the penis
20
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glans penis
A
head of penis; sensitive region at tip of penis
21
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foreskin
A
prepuce; retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that cover and protect the glans penis
22
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vas deferen
A
ductus deferens; long, narrow continuations of each epididymis, lead upward and join urethra
23
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seminal vesicles
A
glands that secrete a thick, yellow substance to nourish the sperm cells, 60% of fluid in semen, located at base of urinary gladder and open into vas deferen
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ejaculatory duct
A
begins at vas deferens, passes through prostate gland and empties into urethra
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motility
ability to move
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bulbourethral glands (2)
located just below prostate gland, on eon either side or urethra, secrete fluid known as pre-ejaculate/precum, helps flush any residual urine or foreign matter in urethra, lubricated urethra
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andrologist
doctor focusing on treatment of conditions affecting male fertility and sexuality
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balanitis
inflammation of the glans penis that is usually caused by poor hygiene in men who have not been circumsized
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phimosis
narrowing of the opening of the foreskin so it cannot be retracted to expose glans penis
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peyronic's disease
penile curvature; form of sexual dysfunction in which penis is bent or curved during erection
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priapism
painful and persistent erection lasting 4 hours or more, either not caused by sexual excitement or does not go away, medication or blood-related diseases
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premature ejaculation
condition in which the male reaches climax too soon, usually before or shortly after penetration
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andropause
male menopause; marked by decrease of testosterone
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cryptorchidism
undescended testicle; developmental defect seen in newborns in which one or both testicle have failed to descend into normal position in scrotum
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crypt
hidden
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orchid
testicle
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epididymitis
painful inflammation of epididymis resulting form a bacterial infection, usually std sometimes uti
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hydrocele
fluid-filled sac in scrotum along spermatic cord leading from testicles
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testicular torsion
sharp pain in scrotum caused by twisting of vas deferens and blood vessels leading into testicle
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orchitis
testitis; inflammation of one or both testicles
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varicocele
knot of widening varicose veins in one side of scrotum, causes low sperm production and infertility
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azoospermic
absence of sperm in semen
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oligospermia
low sperm count; sperm count below 15 million/mL
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hematospermia
presence of blood in semen, caused by infection
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sperm count
sperm analysis; testing of freshly ejaculated semen to determine volume plus number, size, shape and motility of sperm
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testicular self-examination
self-help step in early detection of testicular cancer by detecting lumps, selling or changes in skin of scrotum
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circumcision
surgical removal of foreskin of penis
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orchiectomy
orchidectomy; surgical removal of testicle(s)
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varicocelectomy
removal of a portion of an enlarged vein to relieve a varicocele
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sterilization
any procedure rendering an individual incapable of reproduction
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bilateral orchidectomy
castration; surgical removal or destruction of both testicles
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vasectomy
small portion of vas deferens in surgically blocked or cut
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vasovasectomy
vasectomy reversal; attempt to restore fertility to a vasectomized man
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cryopreservation
allows men to freeze his sperm indefinitely to use later for in vitro fertilization, intrauterine insemination or sperm donation
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PDES inhibitor
drugs used to treat erectile dysfunction
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sexually transmitted disease/infections
venereal disease; infections caused by bacteria or viruses spread through sexual intercourse or other genital contact
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neonatal conjunctivitis
condition caused by bacteria responsible for chlamydia or gonorrhea
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chlamydia
caused by chlamydia trachomatis, most common std, highly contagious and needs early treatment with antibiotics, females: damages reproductive organs, males: urethritis
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bacterial vaginosis
abnormal overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina, discharge, odor, pain, itching and burning
60
genital herpes
caused by herpes simples virus type 1 or 2, leads to itching or burning before appearance of lesions, highly contagious, no curet antiviral drugs can ease symptoms
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genital warts
caused by human papillomaviruses, highly contagious, male: penis scrotum or anus, female: external genitalia, cervix and vagina, increases risk of cervical cancer
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gonorrhea
highly contagious, caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, women: vagina and reproductive tract, both: urethra, mouth, throat, rectum, joints
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syphilis
caused by treponema pelliclum, highly contagious, passed through direct contact with sore called a chancre, detected through UPRL and RPR blood tests
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trichomoniasis
rich; infection caused by parasites trichemonas vaginalis, leads to thin, foul-smelling vaginal discharge, men usually don't have symptoms
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female reproductive system
creation and support of new life
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external female genitalia
vulva, pudendum; posterior to mons pubis, consists of labia, clitoris, Bartholin's glands and vaginal orifice
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mos pubis
round, fleshy prominence located over pubic symphysis
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labia majora and labia minora
vaginal pls that protect the other external genitalia and urethral meatus
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clitoris
organ of sensitive, erectile tissue located anterior to urethral meatus and vaginal orifice
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Bartholin's glands
produce mucus secretion to lubricate vagina, two small, outed glands located on either side of vaginal orifice
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vaginal orifice
exterior opening of the vagina
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hymen
thin mucous membrane that partially covers vaginal orifice
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breast
made up of fat, connective tissue and mammary glands
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mammary glands
lactiferous glands; milk-producing glands
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lactiferous ducts
milk ducts; carry mild from mammary glands to nipple
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nipple
breast milk flows through
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areole
dark-pigmented area that surrounds nipple
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ovaries
pair of small, almond-shaped organs located I the lower abdomen
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follicle
fluid-filled space containing a single ovum
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fallopian tubes (2)
uterine tubes; extend from upper end of uterus to point near but not attached to an ovary
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infundibulum
funnel-shaped opening into fallopian tube near ovary
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fimbriae
fringed, finger-like extension of infundibulum, catch mature ovum when it leaves ovary
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uterus
womb; pear-shaped organ with muscular walls and mucous membrane lining filled with fish supply of blood vessels, located between urinary bladder and rectum and midway between sacrum and pubic bone
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anteflexion
normal postion, body of uterus bent forward
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fundus
bulging, rounded part above entrance of fallopian tubes, rises during pregnancy
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corpus
body of the uterus; middle portion
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cervix
cervix uteri; lower, narrow portion that extends into vagina, cervical canal, ands at cervical os
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perimetrium
tough, membranous outer layer
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myometrium
muscular middle layer
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metri
uterus
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endometrium
inner layer, consists of specialized epithelial mucosa that is rich in blood vessels
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vagina
muscular tube lined wit mucosa that extends from cervix to outside of body
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colp/o, vagin/o
vagina
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menstruation
menses; normal periodic discharge of the endometrial lining and unfertilized egg
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menarche
beginning of menstruation
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menopause
normal termination of menstruation in women during middle age, 1 year without a period
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perimenopause
used to designate transition phase between regular menstrual periods and no periods at all
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ovulation
release of a mature egg form a follicle on the surface of one of the ovaries approximately 13th or 14th day
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corpus luteum
secretes hormone progesterone during second half of menstrual cycle, maintains growth of uterine lining
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zygote
single cell created by union of sperm and ovum
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implantation
embedding of zygote in lining of uterus
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embryo
implantation to 8 weeks
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fetus
9th week to birth
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chorion
thin outer membrane that encloses an embryo
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placenta
temporary organ that forms within uterus to allow the exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waster products between mother and fetus without allowing blood to mix
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afterbith
expulsion of placenta and fetal membranes
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amniotic sac
amnion, bag of water; innermost membrane that surrounds an embryo
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amiotic cavity
embryo surrounded by, fluid-filled space between embryo and amniotic sac
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amniotic fluid
liquid that protects fetus and makes floating movements possible
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umbilical cord
tube that carries blood, oxygen and nutrients from placenta to baby, transports waste from fetus
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naval
belly button; formed where umbilical cord was
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gestation
lasts approximately 280 days, period of development of baby in mother uterus
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pregnancy
gestation; condition of having a developing baby in uterus
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trimesters
~13 weeks
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due date
estimated date of delivery, take first day of last menstrual period, add 1 year, subtract 3 months and add 7 days
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quickening
first movement of fetus in uterus that can be felt by the mother, 16-20 weeks
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Braxton Hicks contractions
intermittent painless uterine contractions, occur with increasing frequency as pregnancy progresses
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viable
capable of living outside uterus
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antepartum
final stage of pregnancy just before onset of labor
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advanced maternal age
35 or older
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nullipara
women who has never borne a viable child
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primigravida
women during her first pregnancy
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primipara
women who has borne one viable child
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multiparous
women who has given birth two+ times
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labor and delivery
childbirth; dilation, delivery, expulsion of afterbirth
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first stage
longest, begins when contractions last 30-60 sections and come 5-10 minutes apart, gradual dilation, effacement of cervix and rupture of amniotic sac
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contraction
regular tightening and relaxing of uterine muscles
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effacement
process by which cervix prepares for delivery as it gradually softens, shortens and becomes thinner
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fetal monitoring
use of an electronic device to record fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions
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second stage
active labor; begins when cervix has dilated to 10 cm, contractions become stronger and more frequent, mother pushes to help expel child through birth canal
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cephalic presentation
crowning; describes when baby is coming head first
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third stage
afterbirth; expulsion of placenta, umbilical cord blood can be collected at this time
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postpartum
after childbirth
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puerperium
delivery of placenta-6 weeks after delivery, most changes have been resolved and reproductive organs have reverted to non-pregnant state
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lochia
postpartum vaginal discharge that typically continues for up to 4-6 week, blood and mucus
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uterine involution
return of uterus to normal size and former condition
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colostrum
specialized form of breast milk that delivers essential nutrients and antibodies in a form newborns can digest
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neonate
newborn known as for first 4 weeks
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vernix
greasy substance that protects fetus in utero and can still be present at birth, made up of sebum and discarded epidermal cells
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meconium
greenish material that collects in intestines of a fetus, forms first feces
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meconium aspiration syndrome
condition causing breathing problems that can occur when newborn passes meconium during labor or delivery and then inhales it via amniotic fluid
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Apgar score
scale of 1 to 10 to evaluate a newborn ingots physical status at 1 and 5 minutes, heart rate, respiratory rate, muscles tone, reflexes and skin color
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gynecologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of female reproductive system
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obstetrician
physician who specializes in providing medical care to women during pregnancy, childbirth and immediately thereafter
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certified midwife
assists in labor and delivery
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certified nurse midwife
RN with specialized training in obstetrics and gynecology who provides primary care in normal pregnancies and deliveries
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douta
birth coach, no training
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neonatologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the newborn
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infertility specialist
reproductive endocrinologist; helps infertile couples by diagnosing and treating problems associated with conception and maintaining pregnancy
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anovulation
absence of ovulation when it is expected
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dermoid cyst
teratoma; benign tumor containing various tissues such as teeth, bone, skin glands and hair, present at birth
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ovarian cyst
fluid-filled sacs in or on an ovary
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pelvic inflammatory disease
any inflammation of female reproductive organs not associated with surgery or pregnancy
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polycystic ovary syndrome
common condition characterized by an imbalance of reproductive hormones resulting in irregular cycles, hirsutism and acne
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pyosalpinx
accumulation of pus in a fallopian tube
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salpingitis
an inflammation of a fallopian tube caused by a bacterial infection
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endometriosis
patches of endometrial tissue escape uterus and become attached to other structures in pelvic cavity
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endometrial cancer
involves cancerous growth that begins in lining of uterus
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uterine fibroids
myomas; benign tumors of muscle and fibrous tissue in wall of uterus
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uterine prolapse
pelvic floor hernia; weakening of pelvic muscles and supportive tissues allows uterus to slide from normal posting and sink into vagina
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cervical cancer
slow-growing squamous cell cancer caused by HPV
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cervical dysplasia
presence of precancerous changes in cells that make up cervix inner lining
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cervical insufficiency
incompetent cervix; weakened tissue in cervix, open too soon in pregnancy
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cervicitis
inflammation of cervix, infection, irritation or allergies
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dyspareunia
pain during sexual intercourse
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leukorrhea
whitish mucus discharge from uterus and vagina
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vaginal atrophy
genitourinary syndrome of menopause; thinning, drying and inflammation of vaginal walls caused by hormone changes
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vaginal candidiasis
yeast infection
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vaginitis
inflammation of lining of vagina
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vulvodynia
painful syndrome of unknown cause that
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vaginismus
involuntary spasm of pelvic floor muscles, which close off vagina
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vulvitis
inflammation of the vulva
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fibroadenoma
round, firm, rubbery mass that arises form excess growth of glandular and connective tissue in breast, benign
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fibrocystic breasts
used to describe presence of fibrous tissues and benign cysts
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galactorrhea
production of breast milk in a women who is not breastfeeding
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mastalgia
pain in breast
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mastitis
breast infection that is caused by bacteria that enters mammary glands
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amenorrhea
abnormal absence of menstrual period for 90 days or more
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dysmenorrhea
menstrual cramps; pain caused by uterine contractions
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abnormal uterine bleeding
dysfunctional uterine bleeding; abnormal bleeding during or outside of period
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menorrhagia
excessive amount of menstrual flow, long periods
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hypomenorrhea
unusually small amount of menstrual flow, short periods
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menometrorrhea
intermenstrual bleeding; excessive uterine bleeding both during period and other irregular intervals
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oligomenorrhea
infrequent menstruation; describe irregular or very light menstruation
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polymenorrhea
occurrence of menstrual cycles more frequently than normalp
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premature menopause
ovaries cease functioning before age 40
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premenstrual syndrome
symptoms experienced by some women within 2 weeks before menstruation, bloating, swelling, headaches, mood swings, breast discomfort
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premenstrual dysphoric disorder
condition associated with severe emotional and physical problems closely linked to menstrual cycle
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abortion
interruption or termination of pregnancy before the fetus is viable
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spontaneous abortion
miscarriage; usually occurs early in pregnancy and is due to an abnormality or genetic disorder
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induced abortion
caused by human intervention, abortifacient medication or suction aspiration (surgical procedure)
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therapeutic abortion
done for medical purposes
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ectopic pregnancy
extrauterine pregnancy; dangerous condition in which fertilized egg is implanted and begins to develop outside the uterus
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infertility
inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of trying, or inability of a women to carry a pregnancy to a live birth
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abruptio placentae
placental abruption; placenta separates from uterine wall before birth
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placenta preuia
abnormal implantation placenta in lower portion uterus, partially or completely covering the cervix, bleeding
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preeclampsia
pregnancy-induced hypertension; complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension or proteinuria
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eclampsia
caused by preeclampsia, serious condition characterized by seizures and coma
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HELLP syndrome
life-threatening pregnancy complication characterized by Hemolysis Elevated Liver enzymes and Low Platelet count
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breech presentation
occurs when buttock or feet of fetus are positioned to enter birth canal first
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premature infant
preemie; born before 37th week of gestation, preterm birth
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stillbirth
birth of a fetus that died before or during delivery
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postpartum depression
severe depression after birth lasts longer than 2 week baby blues
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colposcopy
visual examination of tissues of the cervix, vagina and vulva, use colposcope
205
endometrial biopsy
small amount of tissue from lining of uterus is removed for microscopic examination
206
transvaginal ultrasound
endovaginal ultrasound; determine cause of pelvic pain, infertility or abnormal vaginal bleeding, ultrasound transducer placed in vagina
207
hysteresalpingography
x-ray examination of uterus and fallopian tubes, instillation of radiopaque constant material into uterine cavity and fallopian tubes to make them visible
208
hysteroscopy
visual examination of the interior of the uterus and fallopian tubes, diagnose and treat abnormal bleeding, use hysteroscope
209
pap smear
Pap test; exfoliative biopsy of cervix, detect conditions that can be early indicators of cervical cancer
210
speculum
instrument used to enlarge opening of vagina
211
pregnancy test
detect unusually high level of human chorionic gonadrotropin either in blood or urine
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first trimester screening
combined screening; 11-13 weeks, ultrasound and blood test, measurements and age of mother used to detect if fetus is at increased risk of a chromosomal abjnormality
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chorionic villus screening
examination of cells retrieved from chorionic villi, 11-14 weeks, search for genetic abnormalities
214
amniocentesis
surgical puncture with needle to obtain a specimen of amniotic fluid, after 15th week, evaluate fetal health and to diagnose certain congenital disorders
215
contraceptive
measure taken to lessen likelihood of pregnancy
216
diaphragm
barrier contraceptive instead into vagina to cover cervix
217
spermicide
gel, lube of form that can be added to kill sperm or stop sperm from moving
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intrauterine device
molded plastic contraceptive inserted through cervix into uterus to prevent pregnancy
219
hormone replacement therapy
use of female hormones to replace those the body no longer produces during and after perimenopause
220
oophorectomy
ovariectomy; surgical removal of one of both ovaries, will experience surgical menopause
221
salpingectomy
surgical removal of on or both fallopian tubes
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salgingo-oopherectomy
surgical removal of a fallopian tube and ovary, bilateral is both
223
tubal ligation
tubes tied; surgical sterilization procedure in which fallopian tubes are sealed or cut to prevent sperm form reaching ovum
224
sacrocolpoxy
surgical fixation of a prolapsed vagina to a surrounding structure
225
conization
cone biopsy; surgical removal of a cone-shaped specimen of tissue from cervix
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colporrhaphy
surgical suturing of a tear in the vaginal wall
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dilation and curettage
D&C; surgical procedure in which cervix is dilated and endometrium is scraped away
228
myomecmtomy
surgical removal of uterine fibroids
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hysterectomy
surgical removal of uterus
230
partial hysterectomy
uterus is removed, cervix is left
231
radical hysterectomy
removal of uterus, ligaments, cervix and portion of vagina
232
total hysterectomy
complete hysterectomy; uterus and cervix are removed, though vagina or laparoscopically through abdomen
233
bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy
surgical removal of both ovaries and fallopian tubes
234
mammoplasty
mammaplasty; general term for cosmetic operation on breasts
235
breast augmentation
increase size
236
brest reduction
decrease and reshape excessively large breast
237
mastopexy
breast lift; fix sagging breast in a more elevated position
238
breast reconstruction
following a mastectomy
239
cesarean section
C-section; delivery of a child through incision in maternal abdominal and uterine walls
240
VBAC
vaginal birth after a cesarean
241
episiotomy
surgical incision made into perineum to enlarge vaginal orifice to prevent tearing of tissue as infant moves out of birth canal
242
incubator
an apparatus for maintaining an environment of controlled temperature, humidity and oxygen for a premature or ill newborn
243
assisted reproduction
science of aiding an infertile couple or individual to achieve a viable pregnancy
244
assisted reproductive technology
techniques in which eggs and embryos are treated outside the women's body
245
artificial insemination
intrauterine insemination; technique in which sperm are introduced intro bagina or uterus doing ovulation
246
in vitro fertilization
procedure in which mature ova are removed from mother to be fertilized, resulting healthy embryos are transferred into uterus
247
intracytoplasmic sperm injection
form of IVF in which a single sperm is injected into a mature ovum
248
surrogate
women who agrees to become pregnant and give birth on behalf of a person or couple
249
transgender
person whose gender identity does not match their sex assigned at birth
250
cisgender
person whose gender identity does match their sex assigned at birth
251
gender reassignment surgery
with hormone therapy can be used to alter the body to conform with characteristics associated with the opposite sex
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