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Flashcards in Chapter 14 Deck (18)
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1
Q

Antibody molecules

A

Proteins that carry out important functions in immune system

2
Q

What to Ab molecules bind to?

A

Bind to antigens (Ag) on surface of pathogens

3
Q

Pathogens

A

bacteria or virus

4
Q

Steps to eliminating a pathogen

A
  1. ag enters body to bind to pathogen
  2. B cells pass by an ag, mature to plasma cells
  3. ab of certain class produced by B cells to bind to ags
  4. distributing/binding of ab to ags on pathogens
5
Q

antigen

A

on surface of pathogen, can be protein, small molecule, polysaccharide (part of larger molecule)

6
Q

b cells

A

circulating white blood cells, encounter ags and produce abs, only produce one kind (many copies)

7
Q

plasma cells

A

matured b cells

8
Q

can cells be stimulated to produce abs outside of the body?

A
yes, vaccines or other drugs are produced this way
immortalized cells (can't die) can also be used
9
Q

structure of ab molecules/immunoglobulins (Igs)

A

2 identical light chains, 2 identical heavy chains with common globular domains

10
Q

effector region

A

classifies Igs, composition of HEAVY CHAIN region

11
Q

variable domain of abs

A

change depending on the type

12
Q

constant domain of abs

A

effector region, stays constant within classes (differentiates classes of igs)

13
Q

how to produce abs outside of body

A
  • collect sera of patients w high concentrations of abs for specific ag (Can’t produce a lot)
  • abs can be produced in animals exposed to ag, then immunize them to produce the abs and then take their sera
14
Q

vaccines-protective immune response

A

initial immune response creates spike in antibodies for a few weeks and dissipates during protective immunity. immunological memory occurs when there is an infection and there is a spike in antibodies

15
Q

active vaccines

A

instilling into recipient a form of the pathogen derived from it that induces immunity (LONG TERM)

16
Q

passive vaccines

A

instilling products of the immune response (antibodies or immune cells) (SHORT TERM)
ex: flu shot

17
Q

requirements of an effective vaccine

A
  • safety
  • induce protective immunity
  • not everyone needs to be immunized to stop spread
  • long lasting protection
  • low cost
  • also must consider genetic stability, storage considerations, delivery
18
Q

herd immunity

A

only 80-95% of a population needs to be immunized in order to stop the spread