Chapter 14

Question 1

Ilya metchnikoff

Answer 1

Russian scientist

Studied starfish larvae— phagocytosis

lol

Question 2

Antigens

Answer 2

Stimulate production of antibodies that bind and target them for destruction

Question 3

Innate defenses

Answer 3

First line defenses: barriers blocking entry

Sentinel cells: use pattern recognition receptors to identify unique microbial components

Complement system: found in blood and tissue fluid

Interferon: secreted with vital infection

Fever: interferes with pathogen growth and enhances other immune responses

Question 4

Antimicrobial substances

Answer 4

Lysozyme: degrades peptidoglycan

Peroxidases: form antimicrobials; break down hydrogen peroxide

Lacroferrin and transferrin: bind iron

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs): 
Defensins from pores in microbial membranes

Question 5

Granulocytes

Answer 5

Contain cytoplasmic granules; based on staining properties

Neutrophils: engulf and destroy bacteria

Basophils: allergic reactions, inflammation

Eosinophils: fight parasitic worms

Question 6

Mononuclear phagocytes

Answer 6

Monocytes: differentiate into macrophages

Macrophages: found in tissues

Dendritic; collect antigens and deliver to lymphocytes

Question 7

Lymphocytes

Answer 7

B and T cells: found in lymphoid organs

Innate lymphoid cells: various roles and locations

Question 8

Cytokines

Answer 8

Voices of cell

Induces: growth, differentiation, movement, and cell death

Chemokines: chemotaxis of immune cells
Colony stimulating factors: multiplication and differentiation of leukocytes

Interferons: control of viral infections, regulation of immune responses

Interleukins: produced by leukocytes

Tumor necrosis factor: inflammation, apoptosis

Question 9

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Answer 9

On cell surface or in cytoplasm

Microbe associated molecular patterns (MAMPs): cell wall components

PAMPs are pathogen associated

Damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs): indicates cell damage

Question 10

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

Answer 10

Anchored in membranes of sentinel cells

TLRs in phagosomal or endosomal membranes of organelles characterize ingested material

Question 11

RIG-like receptors (RLRs)

Answer 11

In cytoplasm detect viral RNA

Question 12

NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

Answer 12

in cytoplasm detect microbial components or cell damage

Question 13

The interferon response

Answer 13

PRRs detect viral RNA; cell produced interferon

Interferon causes neighboring cells to express inactive antiviral proteins

iAVPs: activated by viral dsRNA

Question 14

Complement system

Answer 14

Complements activities of adaptive immune system

Pathways of activation:
Alternative pathway: triggered when C3b binds to foreign cell surfaces

Lectin pathway: pattern recognition molecules bind to mannose of microbial cells, interact with complement system components

Classical pathway: Activated by antibodies found to antigen, which interact with complement system

Question 15

Opsonization

Answer 15

C3b binds to bacterial cells and foreign particles, promotes engulfment by phagocytes that attach to opsonins

Question 16

Macrophages

Answer 16

Phagocytize dead cells, debris, destroy invaders

M1 macrophages have greater killing power
M2 macrophages lessen inflammation

Insufficient macrophages can fuse to form granulomas

Chronic inflammation ^

Question 17

Neutrophils

Answer 17

Rapid response

Kill microbes via phagocytosis

Can form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)

Acute inflammation:
Short term, neutrophils clean up damage

Question 18

Pyroptosis

Answer 18

PRRs in a macrophage trigger an inflammatory response that sacrifices infected cells