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Microbiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

1850s Pasteur tried to prove yeast produced alcohol

Clear solution of sugar, ammonia, mineral salts, trace elements

Failed: didn’t extract proof inside cell that converts sugar

1897 Eduard Buchner proved it

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2
Q

Two parts of metabolism

A

Catabolism

Anabolism or biosynthesis

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3
Q

Catabolism

A

Process that degrades compounds to release energy

Makes ATP

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4
Q

Anabolism or biosynthesis

A

Assemble subunits of macromolecules

Uses ATP

processes linked

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5
Q

Photosynthetic energy

A

Convert kinetic energy of photons to potential energy of chemical bonds

Synthesize organic compounds from CO2

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6
Q

Chemoorganotrophs

A

Obtain energy from organic compounds

Depends on photosynthetic organisms or chemolithoautotrophs

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7
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

Reactants have more free energy than products

Powers endergonic reactions

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8
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

Products have more free energy than reactants

Requires input of energy

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9
Q

Metabolic pathways

A

Series of chemical reactions that convert starting compound to an end product

Linear, branched, or cyclical

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10
Q

Biological catalyts

A

Speed up conversion of substrate into product by lowering activation energy

Without enzymes energy yielding reactions would occur too slowly

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11
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Energy currency of cell

Ribose, adenine, three phosphate groups

Energy produced: by adding P to ADP
Energy released: by removing P from ATP —> ADP

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12
Q

Processes that generate ATP

A

Chemoorganotrophs

Substrate-level phosphorylation: energy generated in exergonic reactions

Oxidative phosphorylation: energy by proton motive force

Photosynthetic organisms

Photophosphorylation: sunlight used to create proton motive force

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13
Q

Oxidation reduction reactions or redox reaction

A

Oxidized: Substance that loses electrons

Reduced: substance gains electrons

Dehydrogenation: oxidation
Hydrogenation: reduction

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14
Q

Electron carriers or hydrogen carriers

A

NAD+/NADH

NADP+/NADPH

FAD/FADH2

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15
Q

Precursor metabolites

A

Intermediates of catabolism that can be used in anabolism

Carbon skeleton for building macromolecules

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16
Q

Glucose medium

A

Glucose is energy source- oxidized

Glucose can be the starting point for proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

Some may be broken into smaller metabolites to exit catabolic pathway early to be used in biosynthesis

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17
Q

Central metabolic pathways

A

Oxidizing glucose molecules to generate ATP, reducing power and precursor metabolites, CO2

NADH , FADH2, NADPH

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18
Q

Cellular respiration or fermentation

A

set of metabolic reactions to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules or nutrients into ATP, and then release waste products.

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19
Q

Glycolysis

A

Splits glucose to two pyruvate molecules

Generates:
2 ATP (substrate level phosphorylation)
2 NADH + 2 H+
6 precursor metabolites

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20
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway

A

Primary role is production precursor metabolites, breaks down glucose

Generates:
NADPH + H+
2 precursor metabolites

Product can enter glycolysis

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21
Q

Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle

A

Completed oxidation of glucose

Generates:

2 CO2
2 ATP
6 NADH 
2 FADH2
precursor metabolites
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22
Q

Respiration

A

Transfers electrons from glucose to electron transport chain (ETC) to terminal electron acceptor

Aerobic: O2 is terminal electron acceptor
Anaerobic respiration: modified TCA cycle

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23
Q

Fermentation

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A

Recycled electron carriers in a cell that cannot respire so that it can continue to make ATP

Pyruvate used as terminal electron acceptor to receive H from NADH

regenerates NAD+

24
Q

Enzymes

Study These Flashcards
A

Biological catalysts, increase the fate of a reaction

Can break large molecules into smaller or to build large molecules from subunits

Highly specific for substrates

Reusable

25
Active site
Binding site of substrates on Enzyme surface Enzyme substrate complex destabilizes existing bond or allows new ones to form Lower activation energy of reaction
26
Cofactors
Can assist different enzymes; magnesium, zinc, copper, others trace elements
27
Coenzymes
Organic cofactors from vitamins Electron carriers: FAD, NAD+, NADP+
28
Enzyme optimal conditions
Temperature pH: neutral Salt concentration: low 10°C 2x speed of enzymatic reaction
29
Allosteric regulation
Distorts enzyme shape, prevents or enhances binding of substrate to Active site Regulatory molecule: end product of metabolic pathway, allows feedback inhibition
30
Competitive inhibition
Inhibitor binds to active site Similar shape to substrate Concentration dependent
31
Non competitive Inhibition
Inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site, changes shape of enzyme not reversible Allosteric inhibitors
32
Glycolysis: investment phase
2 ATP consumed 2 phosphate groups added Glucose split to two 3 carbon molecules
33
Glycolysis: pay-off phase
3 carbon molecules converted to pyruvate Generates: 4 ATP 2 NADH
34
Transition step
CO2 removed from pyruvate NAD+ reduced to NADH + H+ 2 carbon acetyl group joined to coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA Links to TCA cycle
35
Oxidative phosphorylation
Uses reducing power generated by glycolysis, transition step, and TCA cycle to synthesize ATP NADH + FADH2 —-> generates proton motive force
36
Peter Mitchell
Chemiosmotic Theory
37
Electron transport chain
Series of membrane-embedded electron carriers Electrons from: NADH, FADH2 Electrochemical gradient: pumps proton across membrane Prokaryotes: cytoplasmic membrane Eukaryote: inner mitochondrial membrane
38
Quinones
Lipid-soluble; move freely in membrane Can transfer electrons between complexes
39
Cytochromes
Contain heme, molecule with iron atom at center Several types; can be used to distinguish bacteria
40
Flavoproteins
Proteins to which a flavin is attached FAD, other Flavins synthesized from riboflavin
41
Electron Transport chain of Mitochondria
Complex I: NADH dehydrogenase complex, accepts electrons from NADH, pumps 4 protons Complex II: succinate dehydrogenase complex, accepts electrons FADH2 Complex III: cytochrome bc1 complex, 4 protons pumped, accepts electrons from complex 1 or 2 Complex IV: pumps 2 protons, accepts electrons from cytochrome c
42
Fermentation end products
Lactic acid Ethanol Butyric acid Propionic acid 2,3-Butanediol
43
Chemolithotrophs
Prokaryotes ability to use reduce inorganic compounds as energy sources Waste product of one organism may serve as an energy source for another Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia
44
Photosynthetic stages
Light dependent reactions: capture radiant energy and convert it to ATP Light independent (dark) reactions: use ATP to synthesize organic compounds, carbon fixation
45
Capturing radiant energy
Pigments capture radiant energy Chlorophyll: plant, algae, Cyanobacteria Bacteriochlorophylls: anoxygenic bacteria Accessory pigments: absorb at additional wavelengths, carotenoids and phycobilins
46
Reaction center pigments
Donate excited electrons to electron transport chain
47
Antennae pigments
Act as a funnel to capture light and transfer it to reaction center pigment
48
Cyclic photophosphorylation
Photosystem I = ATP reaction center chlorophyll is terminal electron acceptor
49
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
Photosystem I: electrons reduce NADP+ to NADPH Photosystem II: establish proton motive force and are then donated to photosystem I (split water = oxygen)
50
Purple bacteria
Photosystem similar to photosystem II Extend ATP to use revered electron transport
51
Green bacteria
Photosystem similar to photosystem I Electrons proton motive force or reduce NAD+
52
Carbon fixation
Incorporation of CO2 into organic compounds by chemolithoautotrouphs and photoautotrophs Calvin cycle
53
Calvin Cycle
Three stages: - Incorporation of CO2 into organic compounds - Reduction of resulting molecule - Regeneration of starting compound Consumes 18 ATP 12 NADPH per fructose molecule
54
Lipid synthesis
Requires: Fatty acids- 2 carbons added to acetyl CoA Glycerol: synthesized from dihydroxyacetone phosphate generated during glycolysis
55
Amino acid synthesis
Synthesis of glutamate provides mechanism for incorporation of nitrogen into organic material
56
Nucleotide synthesis
DNA, RNA synthesized as ribonucleotides Purines: atoms added to ribose 5-phosphate to form ring Pyrimidines: ring made, them attached to ribose 5-phosphate

Microbiology (10 decks)

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