Chapter 14 and 15

Question 1

In California , between 1984 and 1992, nearly 84,000 hectares (about 210,000 acres) of _______________ , _______________, and _______________ had been converted into suburbs and cities.

Answer 1

farmland
rangeland
woodland

Question 2

We use land for many purposes, including _______________, _______________, _______________, and building _______________ and _______________.

Answer 2

farming
mining
recreation
building cities
highways

Question 3

_______________ is what you find on a patch of land, and it often depends on how the land is used.

Answer 3

land cover

Question 4

Land that is covered mainly with buildings and roads is called _______________ land.

Answer 4

urban

Question 5

The U.S. Census Bureau defines an urban area as an area that contains _______________ or more people and usually has a governing body, such as a city council.

Answer 5

2,500

Question 6

Land that contains relatively few people and large areas of open space is a _______________ area.

Answer 6

rural

Question 7

Until about 1850, most people lived in _______________ areas.

Answer 7

rural

Question 8

The _______________ _______________ changed this pattern.

Answer 8

Industrial Revolution

Question 9

The movement of people from _______________ areas to _______________ areas happened rapidly in developed countries between about 1880 and 1950.

Answer 9

rural

urban

Question 10

Whether people live in cities or in the countryside, they are dependent on the _______________ produced in rural areas.

Answer 10

resources

Question 11

The resources that are produced by natural and artificial ecosystems are called _______________ services.

Answer 11

ecosystem

Question 12

Each person in a developed country uses the ecosystem services provided by about _____ hectares of land and water.

Answer 12

8

Question 13

In the United States each person uses the ecosystem services from more than _______ hectares, whereas each person in Germany uses about 6 hectares’ worth.

Answer 13

12

Question 14

The movement of people from rural areas to cities is known as _______________.

Answer 14

urbanization

Question 15

Urban areas that have grown slowly are often relatively _______________ places to live.

Answer 15

pleasant

Question 16

_______________ is all of the things that a society builds for public use. Infrastructure includes roads, sewers, railroads, bridges, canals, fire and police stations, schools, libraries, hospitals, water mains, and power lines.

Answer 16

infrastructure

Question 17

Rapid expansion of a city into the countryside around the city is called _______________ _______________.

Answer 17

urban sprawl

Question 18

Many cities were first built where there was little room for _______________. As the cities grew, suburbs were often built on marginal land—land that is poorly suited for building.

Answer 18

expansion

Question 19

Cities both generate and trap more _______________. Roads and buildings absorb more heat than vegetation does. They also retain heat longer. The increased temperature in a city is called a ______________________________.

Answer 19

heat

heat island

Question 20

Heat islands can affect local _______________ patterns. Hot air rises over a city, cooling as it rises, and eventually produces rain clouds.

Answer 20

weather

Question 21

In Atlanta and many other cities, increased _______________ is a side effect of the heat island.

Answer 21

rainfall

Question 22

The heat-island effect may be moderated by planting trees for shade and by installing rooftops that _______________ rather than retain heat.

Answer 22

reflect

Question 23

_______________ _______________ is determining in advance how land will be used—where houses, businesses, and factories will be built, where land will be protected for recreation, and so on.

Answer 23

land-use planning

Question 24

Land-use planners determine the best locations for shopping malls, sewers,
electrical lines, and other _______________.

Answer 24

infrastructure

Question 25

In practice, making land-use plans is complex and often _______________. The federal, state, and local governments require developers to prepare detailed reports assessing the environmental impact of many projects.

Answer 25

controversial

Question 26

Developers, city governments, local businesses, and citizens often _______________ about land-use plans. Projects that affect large or environmentally sensitive areas are often studied carefully and even bitterly debated.

Answer 26

disagree

Question 27

Land-use planners have sophisticated methods and tools available to them today. One important technological tool for land-use planning involves using the _______________ _______________ _______________, or GIS.

Answer 27

geographic information system

Question 28

A geographic information system (GIS) is a computerized system for storing, manipulating, and viewing _______________ data.

Answer 28

geographic

Question 29

GIS software allows a user to enter different types of data about an area, such as the location of sewer lines, roads, and parks, and then create _______________.

Answer 29

maps

Question 30

The power of GIS is that it allows a user to display _______________ of information about an area and to overlay these layers, like overhead transparencies, on top of one another.

Answer 30

layers

Question 31

_______________ is land that grows crops and fruit.

Answer 31

farmland

Question 32

In some places, _______________ development is threatening productive farmland.

Answer 32

urban

Question 33

Land that supports different vegetation types like grasslands, shrublands and deserts and is not used for farming or timber production is called _______________.

Answer 33

rangeland

Question 34

Most damage to rangeland is due to _______________, or allowing more animals to graze in an area that the land can support.

Answer 34

overgrazing

Question 35

People use enormous amounts of _______________.

Answer 35

wood

Question 36

The timber industry classifies land into three categories: _______________ forest, which is forest that has never been cut; _______________ forest, which is forest that is planted and managed; and ______________________________, areas where trees are planted in rows and harvested like any other crop.

Answer 36

virgin forest native forest tree farms

Question 37

_______________ is the process of removing all the trees from an area of land.

Answer 37

clear-cutting

Question 38

_______________ cutting is the process of cutting and removing only middle–aged or mature trees.

Answer 38

selective cutting

Question 39

The clearing of trees from an area without replacement is called _______________.

Answer 39

deforestation

Question 40

_______________ is the process by which trees are replanted to re-establish trees that have been cut down in forest land.

Answer 40

reforestation

Question 41

Worldwide, more than _______________ % of all timber comes from forests that are not managed by an agency that monitors the health of forest ecosystems.

Answer 41

90

Question 42

Today, the US has about _______________ National Parks.

Answer 42

50

Question 43

Wilderness is an area in which the land and its ecosystems it supports are protected from all _______________.

Answer 43

exploitation

Question 44

In attempts to protect wilderness from damage, _______________ have been set on the number of people permitted in some areas at any given time.

Answer 44

limits

Question 45

_______________ is widespread starvation caused by a shortage of food.

Answer 45

famine

Question 46

By 2050, the world’s farmers will need to feed about _______________ people.

Answer 46

9 billion

Question 47

_______________ is a condition that occurs when people do not consume enough Calories or do not eat a sufficient variety of foods to fulfill all the body’s needs.

Answer 47

malnutrition

Question 48

_______________ is the amount of food that can be produced in a given area.

Answer 48

yield

Question 49

_______________ land is land that can be used to grow crops.

Answer 49

arable

Question 50

Topsoil is the _______________ layer of soil.

Answer 50

surface

Question 51

_______________ is the movement of rock and soil by wind and water.

Answer 51

erosion

Question 52

_______________ is the process by which land in arid or semiarid areas becomes more desertlike.

Answer 52

desertification

Question 53

_______________ is partly decomposed organic material.

Answer 53

compost

Question 54

_______________ is the accumulation of salts in soil.

Answer 54

salinization

Question 55

A pest is any organism that occurs where it is not wanted or that occurs in large enough numbers to cause _______________ damage.

Answer 55

economic

Question 56

_______________ are chemicals used to kill insects, weeds, and other crop pests.

Answer 56

pesticides

Question 57

_______________ _______________ _______________ is the use of living organisms to control pests.

Answer 57

biological pest management

Question 58

_______________ _______________ _______________, or IPM, is a modern method of controlling pests on crops.

Answer 58

integrated pest management

Question 59

_______________ crops, or genetically modified crops, utilize the process of modifying the genetic material in a living cell for a specific beneficial purpose.

Answer 59

GM

Question 60

Domesticated animals are bred and managed for _______________ _______________.

Answer 60

human use

Question 61

Catching or removing more organisms than the population can replace is called _______________.

Answer 61

overharvesting

Question 62

_______________ is the raising of aquatic organisms for human use or consumption.

Answer 62

aquaculture

Question 63

Cattle, sheep, and goats are _______________, which are cud chewing animals that have 3 or 4 chambered stomachs.

Answer 63

ruminants