Chapter 14 - Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
cartilage
A
nonvascular, firm connective tissue found mostly in joints
2
Q
detoxification
A
removal of poison from a tissue or substance
3
Q
ligament
A
band of fibrous tissue connecting two structures
4
Q
muscle
A
tissue consisting of contractile cells
5
Q
tendon
A
fibrous band that connects muscle to bone
6
Q
cortex
A
outer portion of an organ, such as bone (where the compact bone tissue is)
7
Q
cortical
A
pertaining to the cortex
8
Q
diaphysis
A
the shaft of a long bone
9
Q
endosteum
A
a membrane of tissue lining the medullary cavity of a long bone
10
Q
epiphysis
A
expanded area at the proximal and distal ends of a long bone that provides increased SA for attachment of ligaments and tendons
11
Q
epiphyseal plate
A
layer of cartilage between epiphysis and metaphysis where bone growth occurs
12
Q
central canals (Haversion canals)
A
vascular canals in bone
13
Q
lacuna (singular), lacunae (plural)
A
small space or cavity within the matrix of bone
14
Q
marrow
A
fatty, blood-forming tissue in the cavities of long bones
15
Q
matrix
A
substance that surrounds cells, is manufactured by cells, and holds them together
16
Q
medulla (noun)
A
central portion of a structure surrounded by cortex
17
Q
medullary (adjective)
A
pertaining to the medulla
18
Q
metaphysis
A
region between the diaphysis and the epiphysis where bone growth occurs
19
Q
osteoblast
A
bone-forming cell
20
Q
osteoclast
A
bone-removing cell
21
Q
osteocyte
A
bone-maintaining cell
22
Q
osteogenesis
A
creation of new bone
23
Q
osteogenic (adjective)
A
relating to the creation of new bone
24
Q
osteoporosis
A
condition in which the bones become more porous, brittle, and fragile, and are more likely to fracture
25
periosteum
strong membrane surrounding a bone
26
periosteal (adj)
pertaining to the periosteum
27
articulation
a joint
28
articulate (verb)
joint movement
29
articular (adj)
pertaining to a joint
30
bursa
a closed sac containing synovial fluid
31
fibrocartilage
cartilage containing collagen fibers
32
gomphosis (singular), gomphoses (plural)
joint formed by a peg and a socket
33
hyaline
cartilage that looks like frosted glass and contains fine collagen fibers
34
meniscus (singular), menisci (plural)
disc of connective tissue cartilage between the bones of a joint; for example, in the knee joint
35
suture, sutures (plural)
place where two bones are joined together by a fibrous band continuous with their periosteum, as in the skull
*also means to unite two surfaces by sewing; the material used in the sewing together; and the seam formed by the sewing together
36
symphysis, symphyses (plural)
two bones joined by fibrocartilage
37
synchondrosis, synchondroses (pl.)
a rigid articulation (joint) formed by cartilage
38
syndesmosis, syndesmoses (pl.)
an articulation (joint) formed by ligaments
39
synovial
pertaining to the synovial fluid and synovial membrane
40
abduction (noun), abduct (verb)
action of moving away from the midline
41
adduction (noun), adduct (verb)
action of moving toward the midline
42
circumduction, circumduct (verb)
movement of an extremity in a circular motion
43
eversion, evert (verb)
a turning outward
44
extension
when a joint is straightened to increase its angle
45
flexion
when a joint is bent to decrease its angle
46
inversion, invert (verb)
a turning inward
47
prone (adj), pronation (noun), pronate (verb)
lying facedown, flat on your belly
process of lying facedown or of turning a hand or foot with the volar (palm or sole) surface down
48
supine (adj), supination (noun), supinate (verb)
lying face up, flat on your spine
process of lying face upward or turning an arm or foot so that the palm or sole is facing up
rotate the forearm so that the surface of the palm faces anteriorly in the anatomical position
49
cervical
pertaining to the neck region
50
coccyx
small tailbone at the lowest end of the vertebral column
51
disc
flattened, round structure. in the skeletal system, a flattened round fibrocartilaginous structure between bones.
52
foramen, foramina (pl.)
an opening through a structure
53
intervertebral
located between two vertebrae
54
lumbar (adj)
relating to the region in the back and sides between the ribs and pelvis
55
sacrum
segment of the vertebral column that forms part of the pelvis
56
sacral (adj)
pertaining to the sacrum
57
spine
vertebral column, or a short projection from a bone
58
spinal (adj)
pertaining to the spine
59
thorax
the part of the trunk between the abdomen and neck
60
thoracic (adj)
pertaining to the chest (thorax)
61
vertebra
one of the bones of the spinal column
62
vertebrae
the bones of the spinal column
63
vertebral (adj)
pertaining to the vertebrae
64
concha, conchae (pl.)
shell-shaped bone on medial wall of nasal cavity
65
cranium
the upper part of the skull that encloses and protects the brain
66
cranial (adj)
pertaining to the skull
67
ethmoid bone
bone that forms at the back of the nose and part of the orbits and encloses numerous air cells, forming the ethmoid sinuses
68
lacrimal
pertaining to tears
69
mandible
lower jawbone
70
mandibular (adj)
pertaining to the mandible
71
maxilla
upper jawbone, containing right and left maxillary sinuses
72
maxillary
pertaining to the maxilla
73
occiput
the back of the skull
74
occipital bone
bone that forms the back and part of the base of the cranium
75
palatine
bone that forms the hard palate and parts of the nose and orbits
76
parietal bone
bones that form the bulging sides and roof of the cranium
77
sphenoid bone
wedge-shaped bone that forms part of the base of the cranium and the orbits
78
temporal bones
bones that form the sides and part of the base of the cranium
79
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
the joint between the temporal bone and the mandible
80
vomer
lower nasal septum
81
zygoma, zygomatic (adj)
bone that forms the prominence of the cheek
82
acromion
lateral end of the scapula, extending over the shoulder joint
83
acromioclavicular (adj)
pertaining to the joint between the acromion and the clavicle
84
carpus
collective term for the eight carpal bones of the wrist
85
carpal (adj)
pertaining to the wrist
86
clavicle
curved bone that forms the anterior part of the pectoral girdle
87
clavicular (adj)
pertaining to the clavicle
88
condyle
rounded bone surface that articulates with another bone
89
epicondyle
projection above the condyle for attachment of a ligament or tendon
90
humerus
single bone of the upper arm
91
metacarpal
the five bones between the carpus and the fingers
92
pectoral
pertaining to the chest
93
phalanx (singular), phalanges (pl.)
a bone of a finger or toe
94
radius
the forearm bone on the thumb side of the arm
95
scapula, scapulae (pl.)
shoulder blade
96
scapular (adj)
pertaining to the shoulder blade
97
ulna
the medial and larger bone of the forearm
98
ulnar (adj)
pertaining to the ulna or any of the structures (artery, vein, nerve) named after it
99
acetabulum
the cup-shaped cavity of the hip bone that receives the head of the femur to form the hip joint
100
diastasis
separation of normally joined parts
101
femur
the thigh bone
102
femoral
pertaining to the femur
103
ilium, ilia (pl.)
large wing-shaped bone at the upper and posterior part of the pelvis
104
ischium, ischia (pl.)
lower and posterior part of the hip bone
105
ischial (adj)
pertaining to the ischium
106
labrum
cartilage that forms a rim around the socket of the hip joint
107
pelvis
a cup-shaped ring of bone; also a cup-shaped cavity, as in the pelvis of the kidney
108
pelvic
pertaining to the pelvis
109
pubis
bony front arch of the pelvis of the hip; also called the pubic bone
110
pubic
pertaining to the pubis
111
sacrum
segment of the vertebral column that forms part of the pelvis
112
sacral
in the neighbourhood of the sacrum
113
sacroiliac joint
the joint between the sacrum and ilium
114
calcaneus
the heel bone
115
calcaneal tendon (achilles tendon)
the tendon of the heel formed from the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles and inserted into the calcaneus
116
fibula
the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg (lateral one)
117
fibular
pertaining to the fibula
118
hallux valgus
deviation of the big toe toward the lateral side of the foot
119
metatarsus
a collective term referring to the five parallel bones of the foot between the tarsus and the phalanges
120
metatarsal
pertaining to the metatarsus
121
patella (kneecap), patellae (pl.)
thin, circular bone in front of the knee joint and embedded in the patellar tendon
122
patellar
pertaining to the patella (kneecap)
123
prepatellar
in front of the patella
124
talus
the tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia to form the ankle joint
125
tarsus
the collection of seven bones in the foot that form the ankle and instep
126
tarsal
pertaining to the tarsus
127
tibia
the larger bone of the lower leg (shin)
128
tibial
pertaining to the tibia
129
achondroplasia
condition with abnormal conversion of cartilage into, leading to dwarfism.
130
osteogenesis imperfecta
inherited condition in which bone formation is incomplete, leading to fragile, easily broken bones
131
osteomalacia
soft, flexible bones lacking in calcium
132
osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone tissue
133
osteopenia
decreased calcification of bone
134
resorption
loss of substance, such as bone
135
rickets
disease in children due to vitamin D deficiency, producing soft, flexible bones
136
sarcoma
a malignant tumour originating in connective tissue
137
osteogenic sarcoma
malignant tumour originating in bone-producing cells
138
callus
the mass of fibrous connective tissue that forms at the fracture site and becomes the foundation for the formation of new bone
139
cancellous
bone that has a spongy or lattice-like structure
140
closed fracture
a bone is broken but the skin over it is intact
141
comminuted fracture
a fracture in which the bone is broken into pieces
142
complete fracture
a bone is fractured into two separate pieces
143
compression fracture
fracture of a vertebra causing loss of height of the vertebra
144
displaced fracture
a fracture in which the fragments are separated and are not in alignment
145
greenstick fracture
a fracture in which one side of the bone is partially broken and the other side is bent. occurs mostly in children.
146
hairline fracture
a fracture without separation of the fragments
147
hematoma
collection of blood that has escaped from the blood vessels into the tissue
148
impacted fracture
a fracture in which one bone fragment is driven into the other
149
incomplete fracture
a fracture that does not extend across the bone, as in a hairline fracture
150
linear fracture
a fracture running parallel to the length of the bone
151
oblique fracture
a diagonal fracture across the long axis of the bone
152
open fracture
the skin over the fracture is broken
153
pathologic fracture
fracture occurring at a site already weakened by a disease process, such as cancer. also called stress fracture.
154
spiral fracture
a fracture in the shape of a coil
155
transverse fracture
a fracture perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
156
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
bursa: a closed sac containing synovial fluid
157
degenerative
relating to the deterioration of a structure
158
Heberden node
bony lump on the terminal phalanx of the fingers in osteoarthritis
159
nodule
small node or knotlike swelling
160
osteoarthritis
chronic inflammatory disease of the joints with pain and loss of function
161
rheumatism
pain in various parts of the musculoskeletal system
162
rheumatic (adj)
relating to or characterized by rheumatism
163
rheumatoid arthritis
disease of connective tissue, with arthritis as a major manifestation
164
kyphosis
a normal posterior curve of the thoracic spine that can be exaggerated in disease
165
kyphotic
pertaining to the kyphosis
166
lordosis
an exaggerated forward curvature of the lumbar spine
167
lordotic
pertaining to the lordosis
168
scoliosis
an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column
169
scoliotic
pertaining to scoliosis
170
Colles fracture
fracture of the distal radius at the wrist
171
diastasis
separation of normally joined parts
172
dislocation
the state of being completely out of joint
173
separation
a shoulder separation is a dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint.
174
subluxation
an incomplete dislocation in which some contact between the joint surfaces remains
175
bunion
a swelling at the base of the big toe
176
chondromalacia
softening and degeneration of cartilage
177
gout
painful arthritis of the big toe (and potentially other joints) caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints
178
hyperflexion
flexion of a limb or part beyond the normal limits
179
meniscus, menisci (pl.)
disc of connective tissue cartilage between the bones of a joint; e.g., in the knee joint
180
pes planus
a flat foot with no plantar arch
181
Pott fracture
fracture of lower end of fibula, often with fracture of tibial malleolus
182
podiatry
specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and injuries of the foot
183
podiatrist
practitioner of podiatry
184
talipes equinovarus
deformity of the foot involving the talus
185
arthrocentesis
withdrawal of fluid from a joint with a needle
186
arthrodesis
fixation or stiffening of a joint by surgery
187
arthrography
X-ray of a joint taken after injection of a contrast medium in the joint
188
arthroplasty
surgery to restore as far as possible the function of a joint
189
arthroscope
endoscope used to view the interior of a joint
190
arthroscopy
visual examination of the interior of a joint
191
cast
rigid encasement of a fractured bone to immobilize a fractured bone
192
sling
cloth tied behind the neck to support an arm
193
splint
device to prevent movement
194
fixation
process of repairing
195
reduction
movement to place a structure back into anatomic position
196
traction
a pulling or dragging force
197
malunion
condition in which the two bony ends of a fracture fail to heal together correctly
198
nonunion
total failure of healing of a fracture
199
acetaminophen
medication that modifies or relieves pain (e.g., Tylenol)
200
bisphosphonate
drug that delays the rate of bone resorption
201
calcitonin
hormone that moves Ca2+ from blood to bones
202
corticosteroid
a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex
203
inhibit (verb)
inhibitor (noun)
to curb or restrain
agent that curbs or restrains
204
intra-articular
pertaining to the inside of a joint
