Chapter 14: Unit 5 Flashcards
(59 cards)
1
Q
Male Gonads - what do they do
A
Testes
- produce sperm
2
Q
Female gonads - what do they do
A
ovaries
- produce eggs (ovum)
3
Q
what is ovum
A
female eggs
4
Q
what does the gonad overall do for both male and female
A
produce sex hormones that control development and function of the reproductive system
5
Q
Give examples of PRIMARY sex characteristics of a male
A
- gonads (testes)
- scrotum
- epididymus
- ductus deferens
- penis
- seminal vesicle
- prostate gland
- cowpers gland
6
Q
Examples of SECONDARY sex characteristics of male
A
- facial hair
- deep voice
- broader shoulder
- narrower hips
- body hair
- obvious muscle development
7
Q
testes. what are they made out of
A
- held outside the body in wrapped in a pouch of skin called scrotum
- testes are made out of coiled tubes called seminiferous
- and interstitial fluid thats between the seminiferous tubules
8
Q
what is scrotum
A
skin that surrounds the testes
- it helps regulate the temperature of the testes
- when its cold it draws the testes closer to the body to warm it up
- when its warm it holds the testes loosely to allow it to be colder
9
Q
what is in between seminiferous tubules where are they found
A
- interstitial fluid
- in testes
10
Q
interstitial cells what do they do and where are they at
A
secrete testosterone
- in the testes
11
Q
where are sperm produced
A
seminiferous tubules
- spermatogenesis
12
Q
What are the 3 parts of a sperm
A
- Contains DNA/23 chromosomes. covered by a capsule called ACROSOME - which stores enzymes to penetrate the egg
- Middle part contains mitochondria - which provides energy for the sperm
- The tail helps propel-move the sperm
13
Q
Spermatogenesis
A
- produce gametes from spermatogonium
- how sperm is produced
14
Q
Sertoli Cells
A
- support and nourish developing sperm in the seminiferous tubules
15
Q
Epididymis
A
- where sperm is transported to from the seminiferous tubules
- they mature and become mobile (to move)
- the epididymis is connected to a storage duct called ductus deferens (vas deferens)
16
Q
Where does the sperm travel
A
- Seminiferous tubules to
- epididymus to
- ductus deferens to
- ejaculatory duct to
- penis
17
Q
The penis
A
- primary function is to transfer sperm from the male to the female reproductive tract
18
Q
Glans penis
A
tip of the penis
- covered by foreskin to protect it
- overall no reproductive function
- during arousal the blood flow increases to specialized tissues in the penis. becomes erect
19
Q
Seminal fluid aka semen
A
- sperm cells are mixed with fluids from a series of glands
20
Q
seminal vesicles
A
produce a mucus like fluid thats contains FRUCTOSE which provides energy
21
Q
is seminal vesicle and seminiferous tubules from the same area
A
no
- seminal vesicle is higher up
- seminiferous tubules is lower down (in the testes)
22
Q
prostate gland and cowpers gland
A
also secretes mucus like fluids
- prostate releases alkaline fluid to neutralize acids from urine to urethra
- cowpers release pre ejaculate as well as the alkaline fluid
23
Q
Semen
A
- combination of sperm and fluids
- semen enters the urethra from the ductus deferens (urethra is a duct that carries fluids through the penis)
- ejaculation is the result of the combination of sensory stimulation, arousal, coordinated muscle contractions
24
Q
Embryos with the Y chromosome carry a gene cales
A
- TESTIS DETERMINING FACTOR (TDF)
- male organs develop before birth
25
what does TDF do
- triggers production of male sex hormones (androgens)
- which initiates development of sex hormones and ducts in fetus
26
puberty begins between what age for male
10-13 years old
27
what is the feedback loop of puberty and its hormones
*puberty*
1. Hypothalamus increases production of GONADOTORPIN releasing hormone (GnRH) triggering the anterior pituitary gland
2. Anterior pituitary releases Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)
TESTES:
FSH targets: sertolli cells stimulates spermatogenesis
LH targets: interstitial cells stimulates testosterone
28
difference between LH and FSH
LH is secreted to target the testes which targets the interstitial cells which targets testosterone
FSH is secreted to target the testes which targets the setoli cells capable of spermatogenesis
29
Inhibin
inhibits the release of LH and FSH
- keeps a good amount not too high or too low
30
Andropause
- gradual decline of production of testosterone
- linked to fatigue, depression, loss muscle and bone mass, drop in sperm production (since testosterone levels and sperm production are stimulated together)
31
Prostate cancer
- prostate gland begins to grow gradually in men over 40 years old.
- leads to discomfort and urinary difficulties
32
Ovaries
female gonads
- produce a limited amount of gametes
- contains specialized cell structures called FOLLICLES
33
where is oogenesis occur
ovaries
- production of an egg/ovum
- production alternates since there is 2 ovaries
34
Follicles
- a single ovum developes within each follicle
- ovulation occurs when a single mature follicle ruptures, releasing ovum into the oviduct
35
Fimbrae and oviduct
Thread like projection
- continually sweep over the ovary during ovulation
- ovum is swept into a cilia lined duct called an oviduct (aka fallopian tube)
36
37
How does the ovum move
- ovary to
- fimbrae to
- oviduct to
- uterus
38
uterus
a muscular organ holds and nourishes developing fetus
- can expand to accommodate the fetus
- uterus lining is called endometrium
- upper part it is connected to oviduct
- bottom part it is connected to the cervix
39
endometrium
- rich supply of blood vessels to provide nutrients for the fetus
40
cervix
connected to the uterus at the upper part
- bottom part it is connected to the vagina (which is the entrance for the penis to deposit sperm)
41
how long does the ovum survive in the oviduct
24 hours after ovulation
- if a fertilized egg encounters a sperm in the oviduct then fertilization may occur
- fertilized egg is called a ZYGOTE
42
zygote
- fertilized egg
- moves through the oviduct for several days before reaching the uterus
- the endometrium thickens in preparation to receive the zygote
43
how does menstruation occur
zygote implants in the endometrium and embryo develop there if fertilizted
- if not FERTILIZED - the endometrium didintegrates and tissues and blood flows out of the vagina - menstruation occurs
44
vulva
- opening of the vagina
- includes labia majora labia minora and glans clitoris
45
for women what age does puberty occur
9-13 years old
46
Puberty for female
Hypothalamus increases production of GnRH
- anterior pituitary gets triggered and releases FSH and LH
47
LH and FSH targets for female
FSH - stimulates follicles in the ovaries to mature.
LH - promotes ovulation and formation if corpus luteum. regulates menstrual cycle
48
how does estrogen and progesterone get produced
in female
- by the FSH and LH acting on the ovaries
- these hormones stimulate the development of secondary sex characteristics
49
menstrual cycle
28 days
- ovum is released when uterus is receptive to fertilized eggs
- interconnected to ovarian cycle and uterine cycle. which both cycles are controlled by estrogen and progesterone
50
ovarian cycle
1. follicle is immature
2. follicle develops
3. follicle becomes mature
4. ovum is released
5. remaining becomes corpus luteum
6. corpus luteum produces progesterone and some estrogen
4. corpus luteum degenerates
51
whats the uterine cycle
28 days
1. flow phase
2. Follicular phase
3. ovulation phase
4. luteal phase
52
flow phase
1.
5 days
- shedding of endometrium (causes menstruation)
- sex hormones low
- corpus luteum degenerated
53
menopause
end of menstrual cycle
- woman does not produce any ova anymore becoming infertile
54
birth control
inhibits release of GnRH therefore no LH and FSH
- prevents LH during ovulation so ovary does not get released
55
Flow phase
- uterus sheds (endometrium) which results in menstruation
- Estrogen and Progesterone -> Low (bcs its the lining isnt getting built rather it is being destroyed)
- FSH -> begins to rise to stimulate follicle development
56
follicular phase
- follicles start maturing -> FSH increasing due to that
- LH -> increasing gradually
- increase estrogen to rebuild lining of endometrium
57
ovulation
- Peak of LH which triggers the release of the ovum (travels to the oviduct/fallopian tube then uterus)
- peak LH as well because the production of corpus luteum
- estrogen peak as well to keep building the lining
- slight FSH
58
Luteal phase
- follicle becomes corpus luteum
- increase in progesterone (maintains the lining. making it strong to hold a possible fetus)
- estrogen slight decrease due to the lining already built
- LH and FSH decrease
59
what happens if no fertilization occurs
- corpus luteum degenerates -> estrogen and progesterone levels down
- uterine lining breaks down repeating the cycle again
