Chapter 14: Water and major minerals

Question 1

How much of your body is intracellular fluid?

Answer 1

2/3

Question 2

2 types of extracellular fluid

Answer 2

Interstitial (between cells) and intravascular (blood and lymph)

Question 3

Solute in body fluid

Answer 3

Electrolytes (cation and anion)

Question 4

What is osmosis?

Answer 4

passive diffusion of water across membranes

Question 5

How does water move in osmosis?

Answer 5

Low electrolyte concentration to high until equilibrium is reached

Question 6

What is sodium potassium pump?

Answer 6

Moves ions against concentration gradient

Question 7

What is required for the sodium-potassium pump?

Answer 7

ATP

Question 8

5 functions of water

Answer 8

Transport of nutrients and oxygen, body fluids, lubrication, assists in some enzyme reactions, temperature regulation

Question 9

How many cups of water do adults need a day?

Answer 9

MAle: 15 cups
Female: 11 cups
(80% fluid intake, 20% food intake)

Question 10

Body’s response to dehydration:

Answer 10

Anti-diuretic hormone: renin-angiotension and aldosterone

Question 11

Water toxicity:

Answer 11

Hyponatremia

Question 12

What is bioavailability:

Answer 12

degree to which a nutrient is absorbed and available to the body

Question 13

Factors influencing bioavailability

Answer 13

Intake of other minerals and phytic acid (found in plant fibers and binds cations), oxalic acid, polyphenols, vitamins

Question 14

what are polyphenols?

Answer 14

Diverse group of molecules found in plants that binds and limits absorption of some mineral

Question 15

Most abundant minerals in our bodies:

Answer 15

Calcium, phosphorous

Question 16

Functions of sodium and potassium

Answer 16

• absorption of glucose and amino acids
• muscle contraction
• nerve impulses
• water balance

Question 17

Deficiency of potassium

Answer 17

hypokalemia

Question 18

Functions of chloride

Answer 18

• fluid volume and balance
• acid balance
• nerve impulses

Question 19

% skeleton mass of cortical bone

Answer 19

75%

Question 20

What is the trabecular bone?

Answer 20

where most bone remodeling occurs

Question 21

What cells are involved in bone remodeling?

Answer 21

Osteoblasts (add minerals)

Osteoclasts (remove or dissolve minerals)

Question 22

Calcium functions

Answer 22

• blood clotting
• muscle contraction
• enzyme activity
• nerve impulses

Question 23

Bone building nutrients:

Answer 23

• vitamin D
• calcium
• phosphorous

Question 24

functions of phosphorous:

Answer 24

• major component of bones and teeth

- critical to function of every body cell

Question 25

Sulfur function

Answer 25

-stabilize the structure of protein

Question 26

How many american have hypertension (high blood pressure)?

Answer 26

about 1/3

Question 27

Risk factors of hypertension

Answer 27

- age - race - obesity - diabetes - salt intake

Question 28

In what food is Heme iron found?

Answer 28

- Found in meat and seafood | - Myglobin and hemo globin

Question 29

Where does most iron intake come from?

Answer 29

meat, seafood, and enriched bakery products

Question 30

Whats ferritin?

Answer 30

an iron carrier protein that carries and stores iron in enterocytes

Question 31

What is transferrin?

Answer 31

binds and transports iron in blood

Question 32

Functions of iron

Answer 32

- hemoglobin (oxygen transport in blood) - Myglobin (oxygen transport in muscle) - iron containing enzymes (electron transport chain, CAC)

Question 33

Most common trace mineral deficiency worldwide

Answer 33

IRon