Chapter 9

Question 1

metabolism

Answer 1

network of chemical processes that maintain life

Question 2

metabolic pathway

Answer 2

biochemical reactions that occur in progression from beginning to end

Question 3

intermediates/metabolites

Answer 3

compounds formed in pathway

Question 4

anabolic

Answer 4

pathways that build compounds

Question 5

catabolic

Answer 5

pathways that break down compounds

Question 6

ATP

Answer 6

body’s source of energy derived from catabolic reactions

Question 7

What is ATP broken down into?

Answer 7

ADP or AMP to generate energy

Question 8

1 st stage of catabolism

Answer 8

Digestion: breakdown of complex molecules t their component building blocks

Question 9

2nd stage of catabolism

Answer 9

conversion of building blocks to acetyl-coA

Question 10

3rd stage of catabolism

Answer 10

metabolism of acetyl-coA to CO2 and formation of aTP

Question 11

Oxidation-reduction reactions

Answer 11

electrons are transferred through reactions from energy yielding compounds to oxygen

Question 12

loses electron (gains oxygen or loses hydrogen

Answer 12

oxidized

Question 13

gains electron

Answer 13

reduced

Question 14

compounds that facilitate enzyme activity and carry electrons

Answer 14

coenzymes

Question 15

uses niacin

Answer 15

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

Question 16

uses riboflavin

Answer 16

flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Question 17

Pyruvcate and lactate O-R reactions

Answer 17

Pyruvate is oxidized

lactate is reduced

Question 18

glucose oxidization

Answer 18

results in CO2 and the reduction of oxygen to water

Question 19

oxidizes (removes e-) food molecules to obtain energy (ATP)

Answer 19

cellular respiration

Question 20

aerobic respiration of one glucose yields _____ ATP

Answer 20

30-32 (requires mitochondria)

Question 21

anaerobic respiration of one glucose molecule yields ___ATP

Answer 21

2

Question 22

where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 22

cytosol

Question 23

what happens on glycolysis?

Answer 23

glucose (6C) is oxidized to form 2 molecules of pyruvate (3 C)

Question 24

pyruvate is oxidized and joined with CoA to form acetyl-CoA

Answer 24

Synthesis of acetyl CoA/ transition reaction (occurs in mitochondria)

Question 25

Acetyl CoA enters cycle producing NADH +H, FADH2, and ATP

Answer 25

Citric acid cycle (occurs in mitochondria)

Question 26

NADH+H, FADH2 are oxidized to NAD and FAD to generate ATP

Answer 26

electron transport systems

Question 27

Glycolysis consumes:

Answer 27

glucose 2 NAD+ 2 ADP+2pi

Question 28

glycolysis produces

Answer 28

2 pyruvate 2 ATP H2O 2 NADH

Question 29

Citric acid cycle consumes:

Answer 29

acetyl-CoA 3 NAD+ FAD GDP

Question 30

Citric acid cycle produces

Answer 30

2 CO2 1 ATP ( GTP) 3 NADH FADH2

Question 31

how many molecules of acetyl-CoA are produced from 1 glucose molecule?

Answer 31

2

Question 32

oxidative phosphorylation **uses oxygen**

Answer 32

passage of e- along a series of e- carriers (how energy is derived from NADH FADH2) (major source of ATP)

Question 33

how many carbons in acetyl CoA? pyruvate?

Answer 33

2, 3

Question 34

occurs in cells with no mitochondria (red blood cells) or when there is no/low oxygen

Answer 34

Anaerobic Metabolism

Question 35

What is pyruvate converted to in anaerobic metabolism?

Answer 35

lactate

Question 36

how many ATP are form from every glucose molecule in anaerobic metabolism?

Answer 36

2

Question 37

what is the livers role in anaerobic respiration?

Answer 37

- takes up lactate | - synthesizes compounds used (like glucose) from lactate

Question 38

lipolysis

Answer 38

triglycerides broken down into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 39

where does fatty acid oxidation take place?

Answer 39

mitochondria

Question 40

what does fatty acid oxidization yield?

Answer 40

acetyl-CoA

Question 41

what is produced from amino acids in FAO?

Answer 41

carnitine

Question 42

C16 (palmitate) yields _____ acetyl-CoA molecules

Answer 42

8

Question 43

each cycle in FAO results in fatty acid becoming:

Answer 43

shorter

Question 44

FAO produces:

Answer 44

- acetyl-CoA - NADH - FADH2

Question 45

ketone bodies are form from:

Answer 45

incomplete fatty acid oxidization

Question 46

overflow of acetyl-CoA when its produced from FAO exceeds CAC demand:

Answer 46

ketogenesis

Question 47

Protein Metabolism (anabolic or catabolic?)

Answer 47

catabolic

Question 48

input of PM

Answer 48

vitamin B6

Question 49

output of PM

Answer 49

ammonia (NH3)

Question 50

what happens to the NH3

Answer 50

converted to ammonia, and then urea and excrete d in urine

Question 51

froms acetyl CoA which can be used in the CAC or to make ketone bodies?

Answer 51

ketogenic amino acid

Question 52

forms pyruvate which can make glucose via oxaloacetate

Answer 52

glucogenic amino acid

Question 53

forming glucose from glucogenic amino acids and other compounds

Answer 53

gluconeogenesis

Question 54

How are fatty acids synthesized?

Answer 54

formed from excess energy (carbs) with the addition of acetyl-CoA

Question 55

major site of alcohol metabolism

Answer 55

liver

Question 56

acetyaldehyde is converted to _____ in alcohol metabolism

Answer 56

acetyl CoA

Question 57

Fasting encourages:

Answer 57

glycogen breakdown fat breakdown gluconeogenesis synthesis of ketone bodies

Question 58

feasting encourages:

Answer 58

``` glycogen synthesis fat synthesis protein synthesis urea synthesis insulin release ```

Question 59

unable to metabolize phenylalanine

Answer 59

phenylketonuria

Question 60

unable to metabolize galactose

Answer 60

galactosemia

Question 61

inability to convert glycogen to glucose

Answer 61

glycogen storage disease