Chapter 4

Question 1

GI tract

Answer 1

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
Actual flow of food through these organs/compartments

Question 2

Involved in digestion and metabolism of foods and nutrients

Answer 2

Liver, pancreas, and gall bladder

Question 3

Digestion

Answer 3

Process of breaking down foods into a form the body can use (like starch to sugar)

Question 4

Absorption

Answer 4

Uptake of nutrients from the GI tract into the blood or lymph

Question 5

4 layers of the GI tract

Answer 5

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscle
Serosa

Question 6

Mucosa

Answer 6

Innermost layer of GI tract

Question 7

Lumen

Answer 7

hollow area where food travels

Question 8

Submucosa

Answer 8

Contains blood vessels carrying nutrients

Question 9

Muscle

Answer 9

Move food forward through contractions

Question 10

Serosa

Answer 10

outside layer of GI tract protects it

Question 11

Sphincters

Answer 11

Ring like muscles that control the flow of contents in the GI tract (prevent backflow)

Question 12

Peristalsis

Answer 12

Contractions in the GI

Question 13

Segmentation

Answer 13

Back and forth movement in the GI

Question 14

Mass movements

Answer 14

peristalsis over widespread area in GI

Question 15

Where is bile produced?

Answer 15

liver

Question 16

Where is bile stored?

Answer 16

gallbladder

Question 17

Function of enzymes

Answer 17

Catalyze chemical reactions including hydrolysis reactions that break down a product by adding H

Question 18

3 components of saliva

Answer 18

Lysozyme
Mucus
Amylase

Question 19

Lysozyme

Answer 19

breaks down bacteria

Question 20

Mucus

Answer 20

Lubricate and hold bolus together

Question 21

Amylase

Answer 21

Breaks down starch

Question 22

Epiglottis

Answer 22

Prevents food from lodging in the trachea (windpipe)

Question 23

stomach secretions

Answer 23

Hydrochloric acid
Pepsinogen
Gastric Lipase
Gastrin
Mucus (protects stomach from being digested)...regulated by prostaglandins

Question 24

Hydrochloric acid

Answer 24

very acidic
inactivates proteins
destroys bacteria/viruses
aids in mineral absorption

Question 25

Pepsinogen

Answer 25

protein digesting enzyme

Question 26

Gastric Lipase

Answer 26

helps fat breakdown

Question 27

Gastrin

Answer 27

hormone that controls release of HCl and pepsinogen

Question 28

Where does most digestion and absorption occur?

Answer 28

Small intestine

Question 29

Sections of small intestine

Answer 29

Duodenum ( 10 in ) Jejunum (4 ft ) Ileum (5 ft)

Question 30

Villi

Answer 30

Folds in intestine that contain specialized epithelial cells called enterocytes

Question 31

Microvilli

Answer 31

Located on enterocytes | Act to increase surface area

Question 32

Function of Liver

Answer 32

Produces bile to help with fat absorption | Enterohepatic (recycling bile)

Question 33

Function of gallbladder

Answer 33

Bile storage and release

Question 34

Function of pancreas

Answer 34

Produces sodium bicarbonate (buffer), lipases, proteases and pancreatic amylase

Question 35

Passive diffusion

Answer 35

nutrients in higher concentration in the lumen move to enterocytes that have lower concentrations

Question 36

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 36

higher concentration to less plus a carrier protein or transport to help get them across (fructose)

Question 37

Active absorption

Answer 37

In not dependent on concentration requires ATP and a transporter (amino acids and glucose)

Question 38

Endocytosis

Answer 38

englufment, antibody absorption of colostrum

Question 39

Cardiovascular System

Answer 39

Includes heart blood vessels and blood | Water-soluble nutrients transported via capillaries in villi to portal vein

Question 40

Lymphatic System

Answer 40

Includes lymphs | Fat-soluble nutrients and large particles transported into the lymph vessels to thoracic duct (blood)

Question 41

Parts of the Large intestine

Answer 41

cecum, colon, rectum and anus

Question 42

Functions of large intestine

Answer 42

Some absorption especially water and electrolytes Defecation feces House bacteria

Question 43

Bacterial Flora

Answer 43

Controls pathogenic bacteria Synthesize vitamin K and biotin aid lactose digestion

Question 44

Pro-biotic

Answer 44

Live bacteria that provide health benefits

Question 45

Pre-biotic

Answer 45

Non-digestible carbohydrates that promote the growth of bacteria

Question 46

Heartburn and Gastroesphogeal reflux (GERD)

Answer 46

Reflux of stomach acid into esophagus 15% of US pop has heartburn daily, 3% GERD Treatments: antacids and inhibitors of HCl production

Question 47

Ulcers

Answer 47

Cause: H. pylori (bacteria) or aspirin (NSAID drugs) Treatment: antibiotics or HCl inhibitors

Question 48

Gallstones

Answer 48

Formation of hard stone-like structures in the gallbladder made mostly of cholesterol Treatment: remove gallbladder

Question 49

Causes of food intolerances

Answer 49

``` enzyme deficiency sensitivity to food component synthetic compounds added to foods medications toxins ```

Question 50

Intestinal Gas

Answer 50

Flatulence caused by: bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates in large intestine, swallowed air Treatment: enzyme preps that help break doown food

Question 51

Constipation

Answer 51

Impaired ability to defecate | Treatments: fiber, fluid and exercise, laxative

Question 52

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Answer 52

abdominal pain, distension, diarrhea, constipation 15% of pop Treatment: reduce stress and avoid food intolerances

Question 53

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

Answer 53

1 in 500 americans | Most common forms are ulcerative colitis and crohn's

Question 54

Hemorrhoids

Answer 54

swollen veins in the rectum and or anus | risk factors: preg, obesity, excess sitting

Question 55

Celiac Disease (gluten intolerance)

Answer 55

inherited auto-immune disorder damage to villi | causes malabsorption