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PSYCH 105 > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

stress

A

a pattern of cognitive appraisals, physi- ological responses, and behavioural tendencies that occurs in response to a perceived imbalance between situational demands and the resources needed to cope with them

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2
Q

Stressors

A

specific kinds of eliciting stimuli

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3
Q

microstressors

A

he daily hassles and everyday annoyances we encounter at school, on the job, and in our family relations

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4
Q

life event scales

A

used to quantify the amount of life stress that a person has experienced over a given period of time

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5
Q

four aspects of the appraisal process

A
  1. appraisal of the demands of the situation (primary appraisal);
  2. appraisal of the resources available to cope with it (secondary appraisal);
  3. judgments of what the consequences of the situation could be; and
  4. appraisal of the personal meaning, that is, what the outcome might imply about us.
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6
Q

Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

consists of three phases: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion

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7
Q

alarm reaction

A
  • occurs because of the sudden activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the release of stress hormones by the endocrine system
  • sympathetic nervous system has an activating effect on the smooth muscles, organs, and glands of the body
  • leads to an increase in heart rate and respiration, dilates the pupils, and slows digestion
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8
Q

cortisol

A
  • triggers an increase in blood sugars
  • suppresses the immune system
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9
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

functions to reduce arousal

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10
Q

resistance

A
  • the body’s resources continue to be mobilized so that the person can function despite the presence of the stressor
  • can last for a relatively long time, but the body’s resources are being depleted
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11
Q

exhaustion

A
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12
Q

exhaustion

A

in which the body’s resources are dan- gerously depleted

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13
Q

rape trauma syndrome

A

For months or even years after the rape, victims may feel nervous and fear another attack by the rapist

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14
Q

neuroticism

A

People who are high in neuroticism have a
heightened tendency to experience negative emo- tions and get themselves into stressful situations through their maladaptive behaviours

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15
Q

Johan Ormel and Tamar Wohlfarth

A

found that initial scores on a neuroticism scale were related positively to both the number of stressful events and the amount of psychological distress reported over the next six years

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16
Q

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

severe anxiety dis- order that is caused by exposure to traumatic life events—that is, to severe stress.

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17
Q

Four major groups of symptoms occur with PTSD:

A

• severe anxiety, physiological arousal (the stress response), and distress

• painful, uncontrollable reliving of the event(s) in flashbacks, dreams, and fantasies

• emotional numbing and avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma

• intense “survivor guilt” in instances where others were killed but the individual survived

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18
Q

residential school syndrome

A
  • This set of symptoms is similar to PTSD
  • The most important differences between PTSD and residential school syndrome are the significant cultural impact and the outbursts of violent anger associated with alcohol and drug abuse that occur with residential school syndrome
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19
Q

Vulnerability factors

A

increase people’s susceptibility to stressful events. They include lack of a support network, poor coping skills, tendencies to become anxious or pessimistic

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20
Q

protective factors

A

environmental or personal resources that help people cope more effectively with stressful events

  • social support, coping skills, and personality factors, such as optimism
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21
Q

Social support

A

The knowledge that we can rely on others for help and support in a time of crisis

  • one of the most important environmental resources
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22
Q

Social support has a number of stressbuffering benefits

A
  • people who feel that they are part of a social system experience a greater sense of identity and meaning in their lives, which in turn results in greater psychological well-being
  • social networks reduce exposure to other risk factors, such as loneliness, and having the backing of others can increase feel- ings of control over stressors
  • friends can apply social pressure to prevent people from coping with stressors in maladaptive ways
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23
Q

hardiness

A
  • Hardy people are committed to their work, their families, and their other involvements, and they believe that what they are doing is important
  • they view themselves as having control over outcomes, as opposed to feeling powerless to influence events
  • they appraise the demands of the situations as challenges, or opportunities, rather than as threats
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24
Q

The “three Cs” of hardiness

A

commitment, control, and challenge

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25
Q

hardiness vs resilience

A

Whereas hardiness refers to characteristics that help one cope with stress, resilience refers to unexpectedly good recovery, or even positive growth, fol- lowing stress, including after extreme adversity

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26
Q

coping self-efficacy

A

the conviction that we can perform the behaviours necessary to cope successfully

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27
Q

Optimists

A

have a rosy view of the future, expecting that in the long run, things will work out well

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28
Q

Pessimists

A

tend to focus on the black cloud surrounding any silver lining. Pessimistic people are at greater risk for helplessness and depression when they confront stressful events

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29
Q

Edward Chang

A

found that optimists appraised themselves as being less helpless in the face of stress and adjusted better to negative life events than did pessimists

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30
Q

Type A personality

A
  • tend to live under great pressure and are demanding of themselves and others
  • Their behav- iours include rapid talking, moving, walking, and eating
  • They have an exaggerated sense of time urgency and become very irritated at delays or failures to meet their deadlines
  • levels of competitiveness and ambition, as well as aggressiveness and hostility when things get in their way
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31
Q

Type B personality

A

who are more relaxed, more agreeable, and have far less sense of time urgency

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32
Q

Religious beliefs can be a double-edged sword

A

They can either decrease or increase stress, depending on their nature and the type of stressor to which they are applied

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33
Q

Problem-focused coping

A

strategies attempt to confront and deal directly with the demands of the situation, or to change the situation so that it is no longer stressful

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34
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

strategies attempt to manage the emotional responses that result from it

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35
Q

seeking social support

A

turning to others for assistance and emotional support in times of stress

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36
Q

self-medication

A

use of an unprescribed drug to alleviate stress, anxiety, or other symptoms

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37
Q

self-injury

A

also called self-harm, is deliberately harming one- self without suicidal intention
- often associated with a history of emotional or sexual abuse
- It can occur at any age but is most common among adoles- cents

38
Q

Denise Sloan and Brian Marx

A
  • studied college students who had experienced traumatic life events
  • participants were then asked to write about the traumatic event, whereas participants in a control condition did an unrelated task
  • Those who had writ- ten about their trauma showed significantly lowered stress and depression scores, and they also had missed fewer classes during that month
39
Q

Gender, Culture, and Coping

A
  • men are more likely to favour problem-focused coping as the first strategy they use when they confront a stressor
  • Women are more likely than men to seek social support and more likely than men to report using emotion-focused coping
  • North Americans and Europeans show a tendency to use problem-focused coping more than do Asian and Hispanic peoples
40
Q

health psychology

A

studies psychological and behavioural factors in the prevention and treatment of illness and in the maintenance of health

41
Q

Health-enhancing behaviours

A

serve to maintain or increase health. Such behav- iours include exercise, healthy dietary habits, safe sexual practices, regular medical check-ups, and breast and testicular self-examination

42
Q

Health-compromising behaviours

A

those that promote the development of illness. They include smoking, fatty diets, a sedentary lifestyle, and unprotected sexual activity

43
Q

James Prochaska and Carlo DiClemente’s transtheoretical model

A
  • study the process that occurs as people modify their thoughts, feelings, and behaviours in positive ways
  • the transtheoretical model identified six major stages in the change process
  • does not assume that people go through the stages in a smooth sequence
44
Q

precontemplation

A

first stage of transtheoretical model

  • people have no desire to change their behaviour
45
Q

contemplation

A

person perceives a problem or the desirability of a behaviour change but has not yet decided to take action

46
Q

preparation

A

people have decided that they want to change their behaviour but have not actively begun to do so

47
Q

action stage

A

people actively begin to modify their behaviour and their environment

48
Q

maintenance

A

the person has been successful in avoiding relapse and has controlled the target behaviour for six months

49
Q

termination

A
  • The final stage
  • the change in behaviour is so ingrained and under personal control that the original problem behaviour will never return. It is the ultimate goal for all people who seek change
50
Q

stage-matched interventions

A

move the person toward the action, maintenance, and termination stages

51
Q

Aerobic exercise

A

sustained activity, such as jogging, swimming, and bicycling, that elevates the heart rate and increases the body’s need for oxygen

  • has many physiological benefits.
52
Q

very high levels of exercise…

A
  • were not associated with enhanced health; instead, moderate exercise on a regular basis produced the best health benefits
53
Q

Obesity

A

a risk factor for a variety of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and diabetes

54
Q

yo-yo dieting

A

results in big up-and-down weight fluctuations. Such diet- ing markedly increases the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease

55
Q

acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A
  • grew from an unknown disease into a devastating worldwide epidemic for which there is currently no medical cure
  • caused by the human immunodefi- ciency virus (HIV)
  • Because the AIDS virus changes rapidly, vaccines at present are ineffective in prevent- ing its spread
56
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

which cripples the immune system by killing cells that coordinate the body’s attack against invading viruses, bacte- ria, and tumours, which become the actual kill- ers

57
Q

prevention programs

A

typically are designed to:
(1) educate people concerning the risks that attend certain behaviours, such as having sex without using a condom
(2) motivate people to change their behaviour and convince them that they can do so
(3) provide specific guide- lines for changing the risky behaviours and teach the skills needed for change
(4) give support and encouragement for the desired changes

58
Q

motivational interviewing

A

leads people to their own conclusions by asking questions that focus on discrepancies between the current state of affairs and individuals’ ideal self-images, desired behaviours, and desired outcomes.

59
Q

multimodal treatments

A

often include biological measures (e.g., the use of nicotine patches to help smokers who are trying to quit), together with psychological measures

60
Q

relapses

A

a return to the undesirable behaviour pattern, tended to occur after the person had suffered a lapse

61
Q

lapse

A

a one-time “slip”

62
Q

abstinence violation effect:

A

The person became upset and self-blaming over the failure to remain abstinent and viewed the lapse as proof that he or she would never be strong enough to resist temptation

63
Q

Relapse prevention strategies

A

teaching people that a lapse means nothing more than the fact that they have encountered a situation that exceeded their current coping skills

64
Q

Harm reduction

A

a prevention strategy that is designed not to eliminate a behaviour, but rather to reduce the harmful effects of a behaviour when it occurs

65
Q

positive psychology

A

The goal of positive psychology is to shift some of the focus away from a disease model and towards a science that concentrates on positive human experi- ence

66
Q

Eustress

A

“good stress”
• Includes external circumstances, internal emotional experiences, and bodily responses that can be beneficial and motivating

67
Q

Distress

A

“bad stress”
• Includes external circumstances, internal emotional experiences, and bodily responses that can be harmful, reduce motivation, and impair functioning

68
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

inverted U shaped curve for relationship between stress and performance
• Too little or too much stress impairs performance

69
Q

Hans Selye

A

“Father of Stress Research” emphasized the upside of “stress” in our lives

70
Q

Maximal Adaptability Model

A

emphasizes that animals are highly adaptive to stressors and can maintain high levels of performance even when experiencing underload or overload in terms of the demands of the environment

71
Q

Stress responses

A

internal integrated psychological (cognitive) and biological responses to stressors that then work to restore a balanced state

72
Q

Acute stressors

A

short-term external circumstances or stimuli, lasting minutes to hours

73
Q

Chronic stressors

A

enduring external circumstances or stimuli, lasting weeks to years

74
Q

Traumatic stressors

A

stressors involving threat to your own or another’s life or physical integrity

75
Q

Homeostasis

A

the state of balance that is upset by stressors and then restored by the stress response

76
Q

Amygdala

A

responds rapidly to potential stressors; earliest stress responses
• Works in coordination with other brain areas that can increase or decrease the amygdala’s response

77
Q

Hippocampus

A

learning and memory

78
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

higher-order processing of stimuli

79
Q

Freeze response

A

become immobile in the face of perceived stressors

80
Q

Feedback loops

A

output from one system influences the output of another system by either increasing (positive feedback) or inhibiting (negative feedback) the second system

81
Q

Inflammatory response

A

immune system response to injury, infection, and psychological stressors that allows for killing of any foreign invaders such as viruses and bacteria as well as healing of bodily tissue
• When encountering acute psychological stressors, the body increases levels of proteins called cytokines that regulate inflammation

82
Q

Primary Appraisals

A

based on perceptions of stressor characteristics, magnitude of demand, and relevance

83
Q

Secondary Appraisals

A

based on perceptions of the resources available for coping with a specific stressor

84
Q

Challenges

A

situations where resources exceed the demands of the situation

85
Q

Threats

A

situations where demands exceed the resources available for coping

86
Q

Trier Social Stress Test

A

• Typically involves delivering a speech and performing, most commonly used
difficult mental arithmetic in front of an audience
• Potential issues:
• ethical considerations limit the intensity of the stressor
• what is adaptive in response to acute stressors may not be adaptive in response to chronic stressors

87
Q

Perceived Stress Scale (PSS):

A

questionnaire measure of perceived stress
• Assess the extent to which people perceive their lives as unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloading

88
Q

Childhood stressors

A

have been shown to be particularly harmful with long lasting effects

89
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

increased levels of inflammatory proteins in the body
• Prolonged exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines can lead to cell death and tissue damage

90
Q

Appraisal support

A

help evaluating the demands of a situation and the resources available to cope with it

91
Q

Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)

A

enhanced physical health as indexed by medical symptoms, pain perception, physical impairments and functional quality of life

92
Q

How People Change

A
  1. Precontemplation
  2. Contemplation
  3. Preparation
  4. Action
  5. Maintenance
  6. Termination

PSYCH 105 (10 decks)

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