Chapter 15 Flashcards
1
Q
musculoskeletal system
A
bones, muscles, and joints of the body
2
Q
structural support and protection of internal organs
A
bones
3
Q
muscles
A
internal and external movement
4
Q
joints
A
where bones come together/type determined by need or flexibility
5
Q
tendons
A
bind muscles to bone
6
Q
ligaments
A
bind bones to other bones
7
Q
ossification
A
replacement of cartilage with bone
8
Q
osteoblast
A
produce immature bony tissue that replaces cartilage
9
Q
osteocyte
A
nourishes and maintains bone
10
Q
osteoclast
A
reabsorb or digest bone (remodels bone)
11
Q
MD
A
- Orthopedist
- Rheumatologist
12
Q
DO
A
Osteopathic physician
13
Q
what work together to deposit and break down bone through life
A
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
14
Q
what is a source of calcium in our body
A
skeleton
15
Q
what does proper formation of bone depend on
A
- calcium
- phosphorus
- vitamin D
16
Q
what helps create hard bone
A
calcium phosphate enzyme
17
Q
why is calcium necessary
A
needed for nerve transmittal to muscle, including heart muscle and muscles attached to bone
18
Q
how is calcium level maintained
A
maintained in blood by parathyroid gland which secretes a hormone to release calcium from bone
19
Q
diaphysis
A
shaft
20
Q
epiphysis
A
end
21
Q
metaphysis
A
cone-like flared portion between end and shaft
22
Q
epiphyseal line or plate
A
growth plate where cartilage replaced by bone for bone growth (in length)
23
Q
interior bone structure includes:
A
- articular bone
- epiphyseal line or plate
- cancellous bone
- compact (cortical) bone
- medullary cavity
- periosteum
24
Q
what do end of the bones being covered by articular cartilage in the joint allow
A
cushions joints and allows it to more smoothly
25
compact bone
contains haversian systems for blood vessels, nerves and yellow bone marrow (mostly fat)
26
cancellous (spongy/trabecular) bone
spaces contain red bone marrow with elements for blood formation
27
yellow marrow
chiefly flat
28
red marrow
- rich with blood vessels and immature and mature blood cells in various stages of development
- in later life replaces with yellow marrow
29
hematopoiesis
the production of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow
30
processes
serve as attaches for muscles, ligaments, and ligaments
31
depression
openings or hollow regions that help join bones or serve as passageways for nerves and/or vessels
32
facial bones
- nasal bones
- lacrimal bones
- maxillary bones
- mandibular bones
- zygomatic bones
- vomer
33
air cavities
- located in facial and cranial bone
- lighterb the skull
- warm and moisten the air as it passes into the respiratory system
34
vertebrae
26 bone segments from the base of skull to tailbone in 5 divisions and separated by pads of cartilage called intervertebral discs
35
coccyx
tailbone
36
acetabulum
rounded depression in pelvis that joins the femur, forming the hip joint
37
acromion
outward extension of shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder
38
bone
dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton
39
bone depression
opening or hollow region serving as a connection for bons, or passageway for blood vessels and nerves
40
bone process
englarges area that extends from bones as an attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
41
calcium
a mineral constituent of bone
42
cancellous bone
spongy, porous bone tissue in inner part if bone
43
cartilage
flexible, connective tissue
44
collagen
dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone ans other tissues
45
compact bone
hard, dense bone tissue, usually found around outer portion of bone
46
cranial bones
skull bones
- ethmoid
- frontal
- occipital
- parietal
- sphenoid
- temporal
47
diaphysis
shaft or mid-portion of a long bone
48
disc
flat, round, plate-like structure
49
epiphyseal plate
- cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes in the immature skeleton
- makes you taller
50
epiphysis
- each end of a long bone
- area beyond the epiphyseal plate
51
facial bones
bones of the face
- lacrimal
- mandibular
- maxillary
- nasal
- vomer
- zygomatic
52
fontanelle
soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between the skull bones of an infant
53
foramen magnum
opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord pases
54
haversian canals
- minute spaces filled with blood vessels
- found in compact bone
55
ligament
fibrous connective tissue that binds bones to other
56
malleolus
round process on both sides of the ankle joint
57
manubrium
upper portion of the sternum
58
mastoid process
round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear
59
medullary cavity
central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone
60
metaphysis
flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis and the epiphyseal
61
olecranon
large process on the proximal end of the ulna
62
orthopedist
medical doctor who specializes in bone, joint, and muscle conditions
63
osseous tissue
bone tissue
64
ossification
process of bone formation
65
ossification
process of bone formation
66
osteoblast
bone cell that helps form bony tissue
67
osteoclast
bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue
68
periosteum
- membrane surrounding bones
- rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue
69
phosphorous
mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium
70
physiatrist
medical doctor who specializes in rehabilitation
71
public symphysis
area of confluence of the two public boes in the pelvis
72
red bone marrow
- found in cancellous bone
- site of hematopoiesis
73
ribs
twelve pairs of curved bones that form the chest wall
- true ribs are the first 7 pairs
- false ribs are pairs 8-10
- floating ribs are pairs 11 and 12
74
sella turcica
depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located
75
sinus
hollow air cavity within a bone
76
styloid process
pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull
77
suture
immovable joint between bones
78
temporomandibular joint
connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and the mandibular bone of the jaw
79
tendon
fibrous connective tissue that bods muscles to connective tissue
80
trabeculae
supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous bone
81
vertebra
individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse process, and lamina
82
xiphoid process
lower, narrow portion of sternum
83
yellow bone marrow
fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones
84
condyle
the knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint
85
ossification
the process of bone formation
86
- calc/o
- calci/o
calcium
87
kyph/o
posterior curvature in thoracic region
88
lamin/o
lamina
89
lord/o
curve
90
lumb/o
- loins
- lower back
91
myel/o
bone marrow
92
orth/o
straight
93
oste/o
bone
94
scoli/o
crooked
95
spondyl/o
vertebra
96
vertebr/o
vertebra
97
-blast
embryonic cell
98
-clast
to break
99
-listhesis
slipping
100
-malacia
softening
101
-physis
to grow
102
-porosis
- pore
- passage
103
-tome
instrument to cut
104
acetabul/o
acetabulum (hip socket)
105
calcane/o
calcaneus (heal)
106
carp/o
carpals (wrist bones)
107
clavicul/o
clavicle (collar bone)
108
cost/o
ribs
109
crani/o
cranium (skull)
110
acetabulum
hip socket
111
calcaneous
heal
112
carpals
wrist bones
113
clavicle
collar bone
114
cranium
skull
115
femor/o
femur (thigh bones)
116
fibul/o
fibula (smaller lower leg bone)
117
humer/o
humerus (upper arm bone)
118
ili/o
ilium (upper part of pelvic bone)
119
ischi/o
ischium (part if pelvic bone)
120
malleol/o
malleolus
121
femur
thigh bones
122
fibula
smaller lower leg bone
123
humerus
upper arm bone
124
ilium
upper part of pelvic bone
125
ischium
part of pelvic bone
126
mandibul/o
mandible (lower jaw bone)
127
maxill/o
maxilla (upper jaw bone)
128
metacarp/o
metacarpals (foot bones)
129
metatars/o
metatarsals (foor bones)
130
olecran/o
olecranon (elbow)
131
patell/o
patella (kneecap)
132
pelv/i
pelvis
133
mandible
lower jaw bone
134
maxilla
upper jaw bone
135
metacarpals
hand bones
136
metatarsals
foot bones
137
olecranon
elbow
138
patella
kneecap
139
perone/o
fibula
140
phalang/o
phalanges (finger, toe bones)
141
pub/o
pubis
142
radi/o
radius
143
scapul/o
scapula (shoulder blade)
144
phalanges
- fingers
- toe bones
145
scapula
shoulder blade
146
stern/o
sternum (breastbone)
147
tars/o
tarsals
148
tibi/o
tibia (shin bone)
149
uln/o
ulna (lower arm bone)
150
sternum
breastbone
151
tibia
shin bone
152
ulna
lower arm bone
153
Ewing sarcoma
malignant bone tumor
154
exostosis
bony growth on the surface of bone
155
osteogenic sarcoma
malignant tumor arising from bone
156
osteomalacia
softening of bone
157
osteomyelitis
inflammation secondary to infection
158
talipes
congenital abnormality of hindfoot involving the talus (clubfoot)
159
joint
- articulation
- coming together of two or more bones
- types are: suture joints and synovial joints
160
suture joints
immovable (ex: skull)
161
synovial joints
- freely movable (ex: ball and socket (hip or shoulder), hinge type (elbow knee, ankle))
- joint capsule surrounds bone
- ligaments band bones together
- bones are covered by articular cartilage
- synovial membrane lies under capsule and lines synovial cavity; filled with synovial fluid
- a meniscus is a crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure that partly divides a join cavity; acts as a protective cushion; present in the knee
162
bursae
Closed sacks of synovial fluid with a synovial membrane located near, but not within a joint. Needed where sliding must take place.
Common sites
- between tendons (connective tissue connecting muscle to bone) and bones
- between ligaments (binding bone to bone) and bones
- between skin and bones (with prominent boy anatomy)
163
articular cartilage
smooth, glistening white tissue that covers the surface of a joint
164
articulation
any type of joint
165
bursa (plural is bursae)
sac of fluid near a joint
166
ligament
fibrous connective bands binding bones to other bones
167
meniscus
crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure found in the knee
168
suture joint
immovable joint
169
synovial cavity
space between bones at a synovial joint
170
synovial fluid
viscous fluid within the synovial cavity
171
synovial joint
freely movable joint
172
synovial membrane
- tissue lining the synovial cavity
- produces synovial cavity
173
tendon
fibrous connective bans that connect muscles to bones
174
the fibrous connective band that binds muscle to bones is
tendon
175
ankyl/o
stiff
176
arthr/o
joint
177
articul/o
joint
178
burs/o
bursa
179
chondr/o
cartilage
180
ligament/o
ligament
181
tendon
connective tissue connecting muscle to bone
182
ligament
binding bone to bone
183
rheumat/o
watery flow
184
synov/o
synovial membrane
185
ten/o
tendon
186
tendin/o
tendon
187
-desis
- to bind
- tie together
188
-stenosis
narrowing
189
arthritis
inflammation of any joint
190
Ankylosing spondylitis
chronic progressive stiffening of joints, mostly spine
191
Gouty arthritis
inflammation due to excessive uric acid in body
192
Osteoarthritis (OA)
- loss of articular cartilage and formation of bone spurs at articular surfaces
- can occur in any joint, but mainly in spine, hips, and knees of older people
193
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
autoimmune reaction against joint tissues (synovial membrane)
194
bunion
swelling of medial aspect of joint between big toe and first metatarsal bone
195
Carpal tunnel syndrome
compression of median nerve as it passes between transverse ligament and bones and tendons of the wrist
196
dislocation
displacement of bone from a joint
197
Ganglion
a fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or a tendon in the wrist
198
Herniation of an intervertebral disc
- abnormal protrusion of the disc into the neural cabal or against pronal nerves
- "slipped disc"
199
Lyme disease
- recurrent arthritis, myalgia, malaise and neurologic and cardiac symptoms
- often marked by a "bull's eye" rash at the site of the tick bite
200
sprain
trauma to joints with pain, swelling, and injury to ligaments without rupture
201
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
chronic inflammatory disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart and lungs affecting collagen in tendon, ligaments, bones, and cartilage all over the body
202
types of muscle
- striated muscle
- smooth muscle
- cardiac muscle
203
striated muscle
- under voluntary control
- they move all the bones as well as face and eyes
204
smooth muscle
- control is involuntary
- they move internal organs (digestive tract, blood vessels, ducts of glands)
205
cardiac muscle
- not consciously controlled
- exclusively in the heart
206
actions of skeletal muscles
- flexion
- extension
- abduction
- adduction
- rotation
- dorsiflexion
- plantar flexion
- supination
- pronation
207
abduction
movement away from midline of body
208
adduction
movement toward midline of body
209
dorsiflexion
upper movement of the foot
210
extension
straightening of a flexed limb
211
fascia
fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles
212
flexion
downward movement of the foot
213
insertion of a muscle
connection of the muscle to a bone that moves
214
origin of a muscle
connection of the muscle to a stationary bone
215
plantar flexion
bending the sole of the foot downward toward the ground
216
pronation
turning the palm downward
217
rotation
circular movement around a central point
218
skeletal muscle
- muscle connected to bones
- voluntary or striated muscle
219
smooth muscle
visceral muscle
220
striated muscle
skeletal muscle
221
supination
turning the palm upward
222
visceral muscle
- muscle connected to internal organs
- involuntary or smooth muscle
223
fasci/o
fascia
224
fibr/o
fibrous
225
leiomy/o
smooth muscle
226
my/o
muscle
227
myocardi/o
heart muscle
228
myos/o
muscle
229
plant/o
sole of the foot
230
rhabdomy/o
skeletal muscle connected to bones
231
sarco
muscles and flesh
232
-asthenia
lack of strength
233
-trophy
- development
- nourishment
234
ab-
away from
235
ad-
toward
236
dorsi-
back
237
poly-
- many
- much
238
laboratory tests
- Antinucular antibody test (ANA)
- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
- Rheumatoid factor test (RF)
- Serum calcium (Ca)
- Serum creatine kinase (CK)
- Uric acid test
239
Antinuclear antibody test
ANA
240
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
ESR
241
Rheumatoid factor test
RF
242
Serum calcium
Ca
243
Serum creatine kinase
CK
244
Acromioclavicular (joint)
AC
245
Anterior cruciate ligament of the knee
ACL
246
Antinucular antibody
ANA
247
Below-knee amputation
BKA
248
Bone mineral density
BMD
249
Cervical vertebrae
C1 to C7
250
Calcium
Ca
251
Creatine kinase
CK
252
Carpometacarpal (joint)
CMC
253
Carpal tunnel syndrome
CTS
254
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
DEXA or DXA
255
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug
DMARD
256
doctor of osteopathy
DO
257
Deep tendon reflexes
DTRs
258
Electromyography
EMG
259
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
ESR (sed rate)
260
Herniated nucleus pulposus
HNP
261
Intramuscular
IM
262
Lumbar vertebrae
L1 to L5
263
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
NSAID
264
Osteoarthritis
OA
265
Open reduction (or fracture)/ internal fixation
ORIF
266
orthopedics (or orthopaedics)
ortho
267
Occupational therapy
OT
268
Phosphorous
P
269
Physical therapy
PT
270
Rheumatoid arthritis
RF
271
Range of motion
ROM
272
Systemic lupus erythematosus
SLE
273
Thoracic vertebrae
T1 to T12
274
Total knee replacement/ arthroplasty
TKR
275
total hip replacement/ arthroplasty
THR
276
Temporomandibular joint
TMJ
277
Rheumatoid fracture
RF
