chapter 15

Question 1

what line of defense is the external, physical barrier of the human body

Answer 1

first line

Question 2

what does the first line of defense include

Answer 2

mucous membranes that line the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts

Question 3

what line of defense is the internal and bloodborne part of the human body

Answer 3

second line

Question 4

does the second line include lymphocytes

Answer 4

no

Question 5

what is second line composed of

Answer 5

protective cells, leukocytes, bloodborne chemicals

Question 6

an immune response that is always on, responds rapidly to pathogens and is broad spectrum

Answer 6

innate immunity

Question 7

what is the third line of defense called

Answer 7

adaptive immune system

Question 8

what makes up the third line

Answer 8

lymphatic system and lymphocytes

Question 9

two layers of the skin

Answer 9

superficial epidermis and deep dermis

Question 10

what makes up the bottom layer of the cells in the epidermis

Answer 10

stratum basale

Question 11

which portion of skin contains blood supply and nutrients

Answer 11

dermis

Question 12

fibrous thick protein of the skin

Answer 12

keratin

Question 13

cells in the epidermis are called

Answer 13

keratinocytes

Question 14

possible written question
what are the characteristics of the epidermis

Answer 14

1. tightly packed cells
2. top layer of cells are dead
3. dry - lack of moisture or water
4. keratinized
5. slough off or fall off easily

Question 15

long, slender fingers that extend to surrounding cells, play a role in phagocytosis and can activate the adaptive immune system

Answer 15

dendritic cells

Question 16

what makes the dermis tissue physically strong and flexible

Answer 16

collagen

Question 17

dermis tissue secretes

Answer 17

perspiration which ocntains salt, lysozome, and antimicrobial peptides

Question 18

causes sweat to acts as a hypertonic solution that dries out and shrinks pathogens

Answer 18

salt

Question 19

an enzyme that cleaves the linkages between sufars in the cell walls of bacteria

Answer 19

lysozome

Question 20

what does lysozome do

Answer 20

destructs the cell wall leads to death by osmotic pressure

Question 21

a group of antimicrobial peptides that are secreted by the sweat galnds, broad spectrum that kill bacteria and fungi

Answer 21

dermcidins

Question 22

how do dermcidins kill bacteria

Answer 22

poke hols in the cell membrane which allows vital chemicals to leak out

Question 23

secreted from sebaceous or oil glands which softens skin making it more flexible and less likely to break down

Answer 23

sebum

Question 24

sebum contains what which does what

Answer 24

contains fatty acids, lowers skin ph below 5 which inhibits growth and metabolism of pathogens

Question 25

line all body cavities open to the environment, thin and moist compared to skin

Answer 25

mucous membrane

Question 26

two layers of the mucous membrane

Answer 26

epithelium and deep connective layer

Question 27

very thin layer that is closest to the lumen

Answer 27

epithelium

Question 28

a thick layer of connective tissue that provides mechanical and nutritional support to the epithelium

Answer 28

deep connective layer

Question 29

characteristics of the epithelium

Answer 29

1. cells are alive and moist - both water an nutrients present 2. tightly packed cells 3. continual shedding of cells 4. cells are ciliated columnar cells

Question 30

secrete sticky thick mucous to trap pathogens and cilia can move out of body or into GI tract

Answer 30

goblet cells

Question 31

reside below and phagocytize pathogens

Answer 31

dendritic cells

Question 32

exetnd into lumen monoriting and sampling pathogenic presense in the lumen

Answer 32

dendritic pseudopods

Question 33

layer that is responsible for producing antimicrobial chemicals such as lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides

Answer 33

deep connective tissue

Question 34

a system of glands that produces and drains tears

Answer 34

lacrimal apparatus

Question 35

destroys peptidoglycan in the cell walls of bacteria. contains salt and other chemicals that can affect the growth of bacteria

Answer 35

lysozyme

Question 36

protein that binds to our cells allowing them to take in all iron available in blood

Answer 36

transferrin

Question 37

involved in defending body against invaders, divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes

Answer 37

leukocytes

Question 38

cytoplasm of these cells appear to be filled with granules

Answer 38

granulocytes

Question 39

the cytoplasm of cells is clear

Answer 39

agranulocytes

Question 40

what are the granulocytes

Answer 40

basophils, nuetrophils, and eosinophils

Question 41

involved in inflammation and allergic reactions, secrete histamines and heparin

Answer 41

basophils

Question 42

most common leukocyte in body and specifically destroy bacteria cells

Answer 42

neutrophils

Question 43

phagocytize parasites

Answer 43

eosinophils

Question 44

what are the agranulocytes

Answer 44

lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 45

mostly involved in adaptive immunity, B and T cells, and natural killer cells

Answer 45

lymphocytes

Question 46

release chemicals inside viral infected and cancerous cells causeing them to kill themselves

Answer 46

natural killer

Question 47

produce antibodies to target pathogens

Answer 47

b cells

Question 48

attack abnormal cells (cancer or virus)

Answer 48

T cells

Question 49

leave the blood and mature into macrophage, devour foreign objects

Answer 49

monocytes

Question 50

can monocytes destroy our cells

Answer 50

yes

Question 51

a parasitic infection

Answer 51

eosinophils

Question 52

bacterial infection

Answer 52

neutrophils

Question 53

viral infection

Answer 53

lymphocytes

Question 54

to eat a cell

Answer 54

phagocytosis

Question 55

which cells are capable of phagocytosis

Answer 55

eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes

Question 56

phagocytes are attracted to pathogen secretions, parts of pathogenic cells, damaged tissues, white blood cells and chemokines

Answer 56

positive chemotaxis

Question 57

chemicals released by leukocytes at the site of infection that attract phagocytes

Answer 57

chemokines

Question 58

what are pathogens coated with that increase number of binding sites

Answer 58

antibodies or opsins

Question 59

when does the pathogen die

Answer 59

when phagolysosome forms

Question 60

the vesicle carrying the digested pathogen fuses with the plasma membrane releasing its contents

Answer 60

exocytosis

Question 61

a non specific response to tissue damage from various causes including hear, cut, and infection

Answer 61

inlammation

Question 62

short lived, results in the elimination and resolution of a condition

Answer 62

acute

Question 63

long live and causes damadge to tissues resulting in disease

Answer 63

chronic

Question 64

signs of inflammation

Answer 64

redness, heat, swelling, pain

Question 65

increase in the diameter of a blood vessel

Answer 65

vasoldialation

Question 66

vasodialation is responsible for the what factors associated with inflammatino

Answer 66

heat and redness

Question 67

chemical that forms during the blood clotting of a damged blood vessel, will convert plama protein into powerful vasodialator

Answer 67

bradykinin

Question 68

what release histamine

Answer 68

basophils, mast cells, and platelets

Question 69

macrophages release

Answer 69

prostoglandins and leukotrienes

Question 70

vasodialation leads to

Answer 70

more blood, more phagocytes, nutrients, oxygen

Question 71

acts like glue that seals cuts of breaks in blood vessels

Answer 71

fibrin

Question 72

what is the inactive form of fibrin that is carried to site of injury

Answer 72

fibrinogen

Question 73

occurs when pyrogens trigger hypothalamus to increase bodys core temp

Answer 73

fever

Question 74

which sets the bodys thermostat to a higher temp

Answer 74

prostoglandins

Question 75

examples of pyrogens

Answer 75

bacterial toxins, digested components of pathogens, antigen-antibody complexes

Question 76

postive effect of fever

Answer 76

inhibits growth of pathogens and speeds up process of healing

Question 77

negative effects of fever

Answer 77

uses lots of resources, can cause coma and death, proteins can be denatured