chapter 16

Question 1

the bodys ability to recognize and defend itself against specific pathogens and their products

Answer 1

adaptive immunity

Question 2

an adaptive immune response that acts against one particular pathogen or molecular shape on pathogen

Answer 2

specificity

Question 3

the specific pathogen causes or induces immune response it is off until turned on

Answer 3

inducibility

Question 4

once induced cells of an adaptive immune response proliferate to form many identical cells

Answer 4

clonality

Question 5

the adapative immune response will not attack host cells

Answer 5

unresponsiveness to self

Question 6

immunological memory for specific pathogen

Answer 6

memory

Question 7

adaptive response involves

Answer 7

b and t lymphocytes

Question 8

in the red bone marrow and are a stem cell that gives rise to all types of blood cells

Answer 8

hematopoiteic cells

Question 9

arise and mature in red bone marrow

Answer 9

b lymphocytes

Question 10

arise in red bone marrow mature in the thymus

Answer 10

t lymphocytes

Question 11

an immune response controlled and carried out by t cells

Answer 11

cell-mediated response

Question 12

used against intracellular pathogens, a virus inside of a cell

Answer 12

t cells

Question 13

an immune response controlled and carried out by b cells

Answer 13

antibody or humoral immune response

Question 14

used against extracellular pathogens and toxins

Answer 14

b cells

Question 15

a protective protein secreted by descendants of b cell that recognizes and strongly binds to a unique part or biochemical on a pthogen called an antigen

Answer 15

antibody

Question 16

lymphatic vessels with lymph and lymphatic organs

Answer 16

lymphatic system

Question 17

a colorless fluid similar in composition to blood plasma, leaks out of blood vessels into surrounding intercellular space

Answer 17

lymph

Question 18

contain b and t lymphocytes that screen fluid for pathogens

Answer 18

lymph nodes

Question 19

contains a web of passages where lymphocytes mount specific attacks against pathogens

Answer 19

inner medulla

Question 20

b cells replicate in an

Answer 20

outer cortex

Question 21

lymph leaves at what and arrives at what

Answer 21

leaves at efferent, arrives at afferent

Question 22

filters blood to remove old and damged red blood cells and contain lymphocytes to eliminate pathogens

Answer 22

spleen

Question 23

filters air entering respiratory tract, lack inbound and outbound vessels, they survey microbes that enter mouth and nasal passage

Answer 23

tonsils

Question 24

line regions in the boyd that contain a mucous membrane and trap and eliminate pathogens, filters sea of mucous moving across the mucous membrane

Answer 24

MALTs

Question 25

antigens contain 3d regions called what that dictate the adaptive immune response

Answer 25

epitope

Question 26

structers on the outside of surface of microbes like cell walls, membranes, flagella, and pili. toxins or extracellular enzymes

Answer 26

exogenous antigens

Question 27

pathogens that reproduce inside a bodys cells. our lymphocytes only detect these antigens if our cells incorporate or add them to their plasma membrane during the infection

Answer 27

endogenous antigens

Question 28

molecules that are produced by our own cells, in autoimmune disorders our immune system believes they are foreign even though they are not

Answer 28

autoantigens

Question 29

found in MALTS, lymph nodes, tonsils, and the spleen, secrete antibodies

Answer 29

b lymphocyte

Question 30

b cell receptors are also known as

Answer 30

immunoglobulins

Question 31

which region binds to the epitope

Answer 31

variable region

Question 32

when b cells are activated they are called

Answer 32

plasma cell

Question 33

binds to a critical part of toxin preventing it from damaging the cell

Answer 33

neutrilization

Question 34

stimulates and aids in phagocytosis, the antibodies act like handles that allow phagocytes to adhere or grab onto

Answer 34

opsonization

Question 35

damages pathogens and can completely eliminate them, these antibodies steal electrons from biochemicals and cell structures in the pathogen.

Answer 35

oxidation

Question 36

each antibody has two binding sites and bind two pathogens at once

Answer 36

agglutination

Question 37

natural killer lymphocytes bind to antibodies creating a hole in the cell membrane and release and enzyme that trigger cell death

Answer 37

antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity

Question 38

the first antibody produces in adaptive immune response - triggers inflammation and also can agglutinate or neutralize a pathogen

Answer 38

igM

Question 39

what is it called when a cell switches to produce other classes of antibodies

Answer 39

class switching

Question 40

antibody that is the most common and longest lasting antibody and has the most functions, triggers ADCC, neutralize and opsonize a pathogen, moves through blood the easiest and fastest, blocks access to our blood

Answer 40

IgG

Question 41

ciculates in our blood and it can agglutinate or neutralize pathogens

Answer 41

IgA

Question 42

involved in a response to parasites and allergens, trigger mast cells and basophils to release inflammatory chemicals

Answer 42

IgE

Question 43

act against intracellular pathogens and body cells that produce abnormal antigens

Answer 43

t lymphocytes

Question 44

most common t lymphocyte, directly kills viral infected cells

Answer 44

cytotoxic t lymphocyte

Question 45

creates pore in cell membrane of pathogen

Answer 45

perforin

Question 46

enzyme that triggers apoptosis or cells death

Answer 46

granzyme

Question 47

programmed cell death

Answer 47

apoptosis

Question 48

help regulate the activity of b cells and cytotoxic t cells

Answer 48

helper t lymphocyte

Question 49

assist t cells regulate innate immunity

Answer 49

type 1

Question 50

function in conjugation with b cells, secrete interleukin 4

Answer 50

type 2

Question 51

act to slow down and completely turn off the adaptive immune response

Answer 51

regulatory t lymphocytes