final exam

Question 1

living interactions between two organisms

Answer 1

symbiosis

Question 2

both symbionts benefit in the relationship

Answer 2

mutualism

Question 3

bacteria in GI tract or protozoa in termite intestines is what relationship

Answer 3

mutualism

Question 4

one symbiont benefits in the relationship while the other is not affected

Answer 4

commensalism

Question 5

hair mite and human is example of what relationship

Answer 5

commensalism

Question 6

on symbiont is harmed while the second is unaffected

Answer 6

amensalism

Question 7

and example of amensalism is

Answer 7

penicillium and bacteria

Question 8

one symbiont is harmed while the other symbiont benefits

Answer 8

parasitism

Question 9

the microbes that colonize the body without causing disease

Answer 9

microbiome

Question 10

the microbes that remain part of the microbiome most of the humans life

Answer 10

residential microbiota

Question 11

microbes that remain part of the microbiome for hours to months

Answer 11

transient microbiota

Question 12

when does microbe colonization befine

Answer 12

birth

Question 13

normal microbiota that do not normally cause disease may become harmful if the opportunity arises

Answer 13

oportunistic pathogens

Question 14

what helps opportunistic pathogen cause disease

Answer 14

1. intro of normal microbiota into unusual body site
2. immune system suppression
3. changes in numbers of normal microbiota

Question 15

site where pathogens are normally maintained as a course of infection

Answer 15

reservoir

Question 16

disease that spreads naturally from animal hosts to humans

Answer 16

zoonoses

Question 17

clostridium species that cause botulism and tetanus are found in

Answer 17

soil

Question 17

zoonoses can be aquired through

Answer 17

direct contact, consuming animal products, blood sucking insects

Question 18

examples of non living reserviors

Answer 18

water, soil, food

Question 19

thin lining of the eyeball

Answer 19

conjunctiva

Question 20

where do viruses mosltly enter through

Answer 20

eyes

Question 21

the process by which microorganisms attach themselves to cells

Answer 21

adhesion

Question 22

attachment proteins are also called

Answer 22

ligands

Question 23

cannot cause measurable damage or disease to a host

Answer 23

avirulent

Question 24

invasion of a pathogen, physical presence in the body

Answer 24

infection

Question 25

subjective characterisitics of a disease that only the patient can feel

Answer 25

symptoms

Question 26

visible evidence of the disease that can be observed or measured in a lab test

Answer 26

signs

Question 27

pathogen mulitplies and interferes with body function after infection

Answer 27

disease

Question 28

signs and symptoms that collectively characterize a disease

Answer 28

syndrome

Question 29

infection goes unnoticed by the person or has no symptoms

Answer 29

asymptomatic or subclinical

Question 30

may still have signs by proper lab test like leukocyte counts

Answer 30

subclinical infection

Question 31

the ability of a microbe to cause disease

Answer 31

pathofenicity

Question 32

the degree of pathogenicity

Answer 32

virulence

Question 33

three virulence factors

Answer 33

extracellular enzymes, toxins, and antiphagocytic factors

Question 34

secreted by pathogen help dissolve or breakdown structural chemicals in body

Answer 34

extracellular enzymesf

Question 35

four extracellular enzymes

Answer 35

1. hyaluronidase- break down hyaluronic acid which helps adjacent cells connect together 2. collagenase- breaks down collagen fibers which a major structural proteins 3. coagulase- causes blood cells to clot which serves as a hiding place for pathogens 4. kinase- allows pathogen to breakdown and digest blood clots

Question 36

a chemical that destroys tissue or triggers host immune response that results in tissue damage

Answer 36

toxin

Question 37

presence of toxins in bloodstreme that can be carried far from infection site

Answer 37

toxemia

Question 38

toxins secreted by a pathogen that either destroy a host cell or interfere with host metabolism

Answer 38

exotoxin

Question 39

destroys neurons and nervous system tissue

Answer 39

nuerotoxin

Question 40

general toxin that kills any host cell

Answer 40

cytotoxin

Question 41

destroys cells in gi lining

Answer 41

enterotoxin

Question 42

only found in gram negative bacteria cells

Answer 42

endotoxins

Question 43

example of antiphagocytic chemicals

Answer 43

m protein in streptococcus pyogenes

Question 44

initial entry of the pathogen into host

Answer 44

incubation period

Question 45

pathogen continues to multiply and host experiences general symptoms

Answer 45

prodromal period

Question 46

most severe symptoms and specific to the type of infection

Answer 46

period of illness

Question 47

pathogen population and severity of symptoms decline

Answer 47

period of decline

Question 48

host returns to normal function

Answer 48

period of convalescence

Question 49

pathogens leave host through

Answer 49

portals of exit

Question 50

transmission of a pthogen by a person to person touching or a touch, bite or scratch from an animal

Answer 50

direct contact

Question 51

aquiring a microbe from contacting a non-living object

Answer 51

indirect contact by fomite

Question 52

inanimate objects such as clothing cooking utensils, furniture medical equipment and money

Answer 52

fomites

Question 53

particles that remain suspended in the air for hours that contain pathogens. they are ejected in the form of fluid when an infected individual coughs, sneezes or exhals

Answer 53

respiratory droplets

Question 54

aquiring pathogen from object that carries disease

Answer 54

vehicle transmission

Question 55

when pathogens travel more than 1m via aerosol

Answer 55

airborne transmission

Question 56

importnat in spread of many gastrointestinal diseases

Answer 56

waterborne trnasmission

Question 57

human waste with pathogens contaminates water source

Answer 57

fecal oral infection

Question 58

insect or arthropod that transmits the disease to host

Answer 58

vector

Question 59

transmit pathogens and serve as host for some stage of the pathogens life cycle it is inside insect

Answer 59

biological vectors

Question 60

insects that carry the pathogen on a body part such as hair and passively transmit pathogens present on their body to new hosts

Answer 60

mechanical vecotrs