Chapter 15

Question 1

Which of the following statements regarding the vertebrate nervous system is true?

a. White matter is composed almost entirely of unmyelinated tracts of neurons.
b. The cerebral cortex is part of the midbrain, or mesencephalon.
c. Spinal nerves run from the brain to the spinal cord.
d. Cranial nerves run within the brain and spinal cord.
e. Gray matter is composed of intermingled neuronal cell bodies, processes, and synaptic contacts.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which of the following is characteristic of an arthropod central nervous system?

a. A cross section of a ganglion consisting of gray matter and white matter.
b. Neuronal bodies located throughout the entire animal.
c. Lack of cephalization.
d. A CNS consisting of a single continuous column.
e. A CNS consisting of a chain of segmental ganglia.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

In the absence of environmental cues, the biological rhythm that persists is called a(n)

Answer 3

free-running rhythm.

Question 4

Which of the following is not directly related to neuronal plasticity?

a. Short-term memory
b. Localized increases in brain metabolic activity
c. Long-term memory
d. Neural connections changing in strength
e. New neurons developing

Answer 4

B

Question 5

Which of the following actions is not considered a sympathetic effect?

a. Simulation of the secretion of epinephrine
b. Inhibition of digestion
c. Increased heart rate
d. Increased blood pressure
e. Constriction of lung passages

Answer 5

E

Question 6

terms refers to the concentration of nervous structures and functions in the head region?

Answer 6

Cephalization

Question 7

The _______ division has a long preganglionic neuron synapsed with a short postganglionic neuron.

Answer 7

parasympathetic

Question 8

Which of the following is not considered to be related to biological clocks?

a. Melatonin
b. Peristalsis
c. Superchiasmatic nucleus
d. Pineal gland
e. Jet lag

Answer 8

B

Question 9

Most tissues in the body are under _______ control.

Answer 9

both neural and endocrine

Question 10

Of a squid, an earthworm, a human, a cockroach, and a bacterium, how many have a brain?

Answer 10

4

Question 11

A biological rhythm brought into phase with an environmental rhythm is said to be

Answer 11

entrained

Question 12

Acid-secreting cells of the stomach are controlled by

Answer 12

the autonomic system.

Question 13

Application of acetylcholine directly to the heart will

Answer 13

cause the heart to slow down

Question 14

Application of acetylcholine all along the paravertebral ganglia will

Answer 14

cause the heart to speed up.

Question 15

brain subdivisions is responsible for higher sensory, motor, and integrative functions?

Answer 15

Telencephalon

Question 16

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 16

Sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric

Question 17

The timekeeping mechanism in a cell typically depends on

Answer 17

the rhythmic alternation between enhanced and inhibited expression of clock genes

Question 18

A _______ is a term used when parts of the body are mapped onto the cerebral cortex in a way that preserves their anatomical position on the body.

Answer 18

somatotopic map

Question 19

most accurate definition of circadian rhythm?

Answer 19

An endogenous rhythm that has a period of about one day

Question 20

A _______ is a swelling that contains discrete aggregations of nerve cell bodies and processes

Answer 20

ganglion

Question 21

Components of nervous system:

Answer 21

neurons, synapses, neurotransmitters

Question 22

components of endocrine system:

Answer 22

endocrine cells,glands, hormones

Question 23

System that is fast and addressed also up too 100 impulses per sec, 100 m/s, and neurons form synapses w/ specific target tisses

Answer 23

nervous system

Question 24

system that is slow and broadcast, takes secs/min to produce effects, effects lasting hours,days, weeks, and hormones are released into bloodstream potentially affecting all cells.

Answer 24

endocrine system

Question 25

Epithelial cells and specialized neurons secrete

Answer 25

hormones or neurohormones

Question 26

Neurons secrete ____ with very local effects.

Answer 26

neurotransmitter

Question 27

Autocrine and paracrine chemicals have very ___ ___.

Answer 27

local effect

Question 28

Cell bodies are centers of _____. The more neurons in an area of the nervous system, the more integration and ____.

Answer 28

integration, processing

Question 29

Present in Hydra and other cnidarians - diffuse and | unpolarized.

Answer 29

Ancestral nerve net

Question 30

Collection of neurons into a integration and processing | center called a central nervous system (CNS).

Answer 30

Centralization

Question 31

Concentration of neurons in head (brain) - related to | directional movement and sensory systems.

Answer 31

Cephalization

Question 32

Two types of CNS based on overall organization

Answer 32

Vertebrate: columnar invertebrate: ganglionic

Question 33

Columnar NS of vertebrates. Cell bodies are ___, axons are ____l.

Answer 33

central,peripheral

Question 34

Ganglionic nervous system of cell bodies of arthropods. Ganglial cells are ___.

Answer 34

peripheral

Question 35

Center for sensory-motor integration. Brain and spinal cord

Answer 35

CNS

Question 36

No sensory-motor integration. Somatic and autonomic divisions • Sympathetic - “fight or flight” • Parasympathetic - “rest and digest”

Answer 36

PNS

Question 37

senses of touch, hearing, taste, etc.

Answer 37

Somatic sensory

Question 38

Somatic motor

Answer 38

muscles

Question 39

signals from organs

Answer 39

autonomic sensory

Question 40

autonomic motor

Answer 40

organs,smooth muscle,heary

Question 41

areas of the brain are devoted to specialized functions.

Answer 41

localization of function

Question 42

the more neurons, the larger the brain area, and the more integration occurs there.

Answer 42

size of brain regions

Question 43

sensory and motor maps (point to point correspondence of outside world with its representation in the brain) - retinas, homunculi.

Answer 43

maps in the brain

Question 44

synapses are ever changing; learning literally changes the wiring of your brain.

Answer 44

Plasticity of neural circuits

Question 45

``` • Higher integrative functions. • Memory, emotions, sensory integration, motor control, homeostasis. • Cerebral cortex. ```

Answer 45

forebrain

Question 46

• Visual and auditory integration

Answer 46

midbrain

Question 47

• Motor coordination, respiration, autonomic control. • Cerebellum, medulla.

Answer 47

hindbrain

Question 48

“thoracolumbar division” | Noradrenergic,as in “adrenaline"

Answer 48

sympathetic divison

Question 49

“craniosacral division” | Cholinergic, as in “acetylcholine”

Answer 49

parasympathetic divison

Question 50

The topographic representation or mapping of the body surface onto a region of the brain—for example, in the vertebrate somatosensory cortex.

Answer 50

somatotopic map

Question 51

A histological region of the vertebrate central nervous system that consists largely of tracts of neuronal axons. The abundance of myelin imparts a glistening white sheen to the tissue.

Answer 51

white matter

Question 52

In a vertebrate, segmental nerves of the peripheral nervous system that attach to the spinal cord.

Answer 52

spinal nerves

Question 53

The part of the vertebrate peripheral nervous system that controls skeletal muscles and provides afferent information from sensory receptors not associated with internal organs

Answer 53

somatic nervous system

Question 54

Day length; the number of hours of daylight in a 24-hour day.

Answer 54

photoperiod

Question 55

An environmental cue that can entrain a biological clock, synchronizing it to environmental changes (such as the daily light-dark cycle). Also called a zeitgeber.

Answer 55

phasing factor

Question 56

An organized constellation of neurons and glial cells specialized for repeated conduction of electrical signals (action potentials) within and between cells. These signals pass from sensory receptors and neurons to other neurons and effectors. Nervous systems integrate the signals of convergent neurons, generate new signals, and modify the properties of neurons based on their interactions.

Answer 56

nervous system

Question 57

A collection of axons running together in the peripheral nervous system.

Answer 57

nerve

Question 58

A histological region of a vertebrate central nervous system that contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses as well as axons.

Answer 58

gray matter

Question 59

An endogenous rhythm that is not entrained by an environmental rhythm.

Answer 59

free-running rhythm

Question 60

The process of synchronizing an endogenous rhythm to an environmental rhythm.

Answer 60

entrainment

Question 61

One of three divisions of the autonomic nervous system; exerts largely autonomous control over the gut.

Answer 61

enteric division

Question 62

Going away. Thus, for example, an efferent blood vessel carries blood away from an organ of interest.

Answer 62

efferent

Question 63

A tissue, organ, or cell that carries out functions under the direction of the nervous system or another physiological control system (e.g., the endocrine system).

Answer 63

effector

Question 64

Peripheral nerves that connect to the brain.

Answer 64

cranial nerves

Question 65

A bundle of axons that connects the two sides of a bilaterally symmetrical central ganglion or bilateral regions of a central nervous system.

Answer 65

commissure

Question 66

The outer part of the cerebral hemispheres of the vertebrate forebrain; greatly enlarged in birds and mammals.

Answer 66

cerebral cortex

Question 67

The outer layer of the cerebellum of the vertebrate hindbrain; involved in motor coordination and learning.

Answer 67

cerebellar cortex

Question 68

The concentration of structures of the nervous system toward the anterior end of an animal, a trend underlying the evolution of anterior brains in many animal groups.

Answer 68

cephalization

Question 69

Over the course of evolution, the tendency of animal groups to concentrate integrative neural functions into a central nervous system.

Answer 69

centralization

Question 70

Going toward. Thus, for example, an afferent blood vessel carries blood toward an organ of interest.

Answer 70

afferent