Chapter 23 Flashcards
1
Q
A blood sample that has an extremely low partial pressure of CO2 is most likely from a(n)
a. fish.
b. marine animal.
c. terrestrial animal.
d. animal exchanging respiratory gas with water.
e. mammal.
A
D
2
Q
Which of the following animals use positive pressure ventilation?
a. Amphibians
b. Birds
c. Mammals
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
A
A
3
Q
Which of the following uses a tracheal system?
a. Sea star
b. Mollusc
c. Crayfish
d. Flea
e. Amphibian
A
D
4
Q
Which of the following statements regarding mammalian ventilation is false?
a. Gas exchange occurs in the respiratory bronchioles.
b. Inspiration always requires muscle contraction.
c. Expiration always requires muscle contraction.
d. There is no convective movement of gas in the alveoli.
e. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.
A
C
5
Q
Which morphology allows for the most efficient gas exchange?
a. Cocurrent
b. Countercurrent
c. Cross-current
d. Concurrent
e. Anticurrent
A
B
6
Q
In mammals, moving air into the lungs is achieved mainly by
a. positive pressure.
b. relaxing the abdominals.
c. contracting the diaphragm.
d. relaxing the diaphragm.
e. contracting the abdominals.
A
C
7
Q
The entrance to the insect tracheal system is via
a. modified lungs.
b. modified gills.
c. air sacs.
d. the digestive system.
e. spiracles.
A
E
8
Q
The bellows action used by birds in breathing is generated by
a. contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm.
b. contraction and relaxation of intercostals.
c. expansion and compression of the abdomen.
d. expansion and compression of the air sacs.
e. expansion and compression of the parabronchi.
A
D
9
Q
The gas-exchange system in birds is
a. concurrent.
b. countercurrent.
c. cross-current.
d. anticurrent.
e. Both b and d
A
C
10
Q
In mammals, ventilation is modulated by chemosensation of
a. CO2.
b. H+.
c. O2.
d. Both a and c
e. All of the above
A
E
11
Q
Which of the following is the best definition of external respiration?
a. The bulk flow of air or water to and from the gas-exchange membrane
b. The thin layer of tissue, typically consisting of one or two epithelia, that separates the internal tissues of the animal from the environment
c. The process by which O2 is transported from the environment to the gas-exchange membrane and CO2 is transported from the membrane to the environment
d. The use of O2 at the mitochondria, along with the production of CO2, during aerobic metabolism
e. None of the above provides a good definition of external respiration.
A
C
12
Q
Within the molluscs, a lung modified from the mantle cavity to allow respiration of air on land is seen in which group?
a. Snails
b. Bivalves
c. Cephalopods
d. Decapod crustaceans
e. Sea stars
A
A
13
Q
Carbon dioxide excretion in the bullfrog is
a. highest across the lungs only in the adult stage.
b. highest across the skin at all stages.
c. not possible across the thick skin.
d. highest across the gills during the tadpole stage.
e. highest across the gills during the adult stage only.
A
B
14
Q
The major stimulus for increased ventilation in fish is
a. decreased O2.
b. increased exercise.
c. decreased temperature.
d. Both a and b
e. All of the above
A
D
15
Q
The partial pressure of O2 in the blood leaving the breathing organ depends on the
a. flow of blood.
b. flow of air or water at the interface.
c. difference between the initial partial pressure of O2 in the blood and the air (or water).
d. Both a and c
e. All of the above
A
E
16
Q
The substance responsible for the prevention of alveolar collapse is
a. surfactant.
b. mucous.
c. water.
d. alveoli.
e. anticohesive.
A
A
17
Q
The protective external flap that covers the gills on a fish’s head is called the
a. operculum.
b. secondary lamellae.
c. gill arches.
d. gill slits.
e. arc skeleton.
A
A
18
Q
Which animal group tends to have the thinnest gas-exchange membrane?
a. Mammals
b. Birds
c. Nonavian reptiles
d. Amphibians
e. Fish
A
B
19
Q
The maximal possible tidal volume is called the
a. inspiratory reserve volume.
b. vital capacity.
c. expiratory reserve volume.
d. tidal volume.
e. residual volume.
A
B
20
Q
In insects, oxygen moves through the tracheal system by
a. diffusion.
b. rhythmic tracheal compression.
c. convection.
d. Both a and c
e. All of the above
A
E
21
Q
Minute, gas-filled, blind-ended channels that branch off from the principal respiratory tubules, the parabronchi, within the lungs of a bird and that act as the primary sites of respiratory gas exchange between the air and blood?
A
air capillaries
22
Q
In the lungs of an animal, the sum total of the conducting airways; that is, that portion of the lungs that does not participate in the exchange of respiratory gases between air and blood?
A
anatomical dead space
23
Q
The absence of breathing.
A
apnea
24
Q
Relating to gills.
A
branchial
25
The development of positive pressure within the buccal cavity of a vertebrate, used to force air into lungs or water across gills.
buccal pressure pump
26
In the lungs of an animal, the airways that do not participate in the exchange of respiratory gases between air and blood, but rather simply conduct air from one place to another.
conducting airways
27
The development of negative pressure within the thorax of an air-breathing vertebrate by action of the costal muscles between the ribs, used to suck air into the lungs.
costal suction pump
28
A sheet of muscular and connective tissue that completely separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities, found only in mammals.
diaphragm
29
An animal that simultaneously possesses the ability to breathe from air and from water. Also called bimodal breather.
dual breather
30
Breathing is known as
external respiration
31
In the most general sense used by physiologists, structures specialized for external respiration that project from the body into the ambient medium and are thereby surrounded by the environmental medium. Contrast with lungs
gills
32
Sheetlike muscles that run between adjacent ribs, the contraction of which expands or contracts the volume of the rib cage.
intercostal muscles
33
Breathing in which breaths or sets of breaths are regularly interrupted by extended periods of apnea.
intermittent breathing
34
In the most general sense used by physiologists, structures specialized for external respiration that are invaginated into the body and thereby contain the environmental medium. Contrast with gills.
lungs
35
In molluscs, an external body cavity formed where a sheetlike outfolding of the dorsal body wall, the mantle, overhangs or surrounds all or part of the rest of the body. The gills typically are suspended in the mantle cavity.
mantle cavity
36
(1) In breathing, the fraction (or percentage) of the total O2 in respired air or water that is removed by the breathing process. (2) In circulation, the fraction of the total O2 carried by blood that is removed from the blood as it passes around the body
oxygen utilization coefficient
37
The smallest-diameter tubes in the lungs of a bird. They are numerous and collectively constitute most of the lung tissue. Air capillaries—the sites of O2 and CO2 exchange—connect to the lumens of the parabronchi.
parabronchi
38
Related to the lungs.
pumonary
39
A type of gill ventilation observed in certain types of fish (e.g., tunas) in which the fish holds its mouth open as it swims forward, thereby using its swimming motions to drive water over its gills.
ram ventilation
40
Generation of a rhythm. Usually refers to rhythm generation by neurons or sets of neurons, such as the sets of neurons that rhythmically originate nerve impulses that stimulate the breathing muscles to contract.
rhytmogenesis
41
In fish gills, the microscopically fine folds of tissue on the surfaces of the gill filaments that serve as the primary sites of exchange of respiratory gases between the ambient water and blood.
secondary lamellae
42
In an animal that exhibits tidal breathing, the amount of air inhaled and exhaled per breath.
tidal volume
43
Forced flow (convection) of air or water into and out of structures used for external respiration or over body surfaces used for external respiration.
Ventilation
44
who has well developed circulatory system have no lungs or gills and can breathe entirely through their skin
Amphibians
45
what pattern of blood and water flow occurs in the gills of fish?
countercurrent
46
Our lungs are homologous with the swim bladder of __
fish
47
A pump inflating a tire is analogous to the breathing mechanism of____
frog
48
An adult bullfrog uses its ___ for oxygen uptake and ___ for removal of co2.
lungs, skin
49
In amniotes, air enters the lungs under ____ (relative to ambient temp) pressure and leaves the lungs ____
negative, positive
50
Pulmonary surfactant prevents alveolar ____ by reducing alveolar____
collapse, surface tension
51
It takes ____ breaths (in and out) to completely exchange the air in your lungs.
6+(indefinite)
52
How many breaths does a bird take to move a parcel of air through its entire ventilatory system?
2
53
Oxygen reach insects through ?
air
54
Air breathing in frogs occurs through__________ which generates __________ pressure (relative to ambient pressure) to bring air into the lungs, while in nonavian reptiles, breathing occurs through__________ which generates __________ pressure to bring air into the lungs.
buccal pumping...positive...aspiration...negative
55
Air flows in only one direction through the _______ of the avian respiratory system, with blood flowing _________.
parabronchi...cross-current
56
If you flattened active respiratory surface area of your lungs (i.e. the alveoli), it would be most comparable to the size of __________.
the floor of an 80 student classroom
57
In a tidal gas exchange system, the oxygen partial pressure of the alveoli is ________ that of atmospheric oxygen partial pressure.
lower than
58
In humans, __________ gas exchange occurs in __________ lungs, while in birds, __________ gas exchange occurs in __________ lungs.
tidal...flexible...cross-current...rigid
59
what systems is used by invertebrates to breathe?
tracheal system
gills
diffusion
60
The rate of gas transport is
the product of concentration and flow rate
61
T/F ??? It is easier for air-breathers to get rid of CO2 than for water-breathers.
FALSE; Since CO2 is so soluble in water (as HCO3-), water-breathers can get rid of it much easier than air-breathers.
62
Which form of gas exchange has the highest oxygen extraction coefficient?
countercurrent
63
Animals has the most gas exchange occurring through its skin?
hellbender
64
Tuna must swim continously to ventilate their gills using?
ram ventilation
65
Gas exchange occurs across a __ ____ ____, of one or more ___ cells. Oxygen always crosses the gas exchange membrane by ____,down its partial pressure gradient. ONLY if oxygen partial pressure on the outside of the gas exchange membrane is ___ than on the inside.
gas exchange membrane, epithelial, diffusion, higher
66
Carbon dioxide diffuses but ___ may be pumped outwards.
Bicarbonate
67
___ are evaginated, convoluted structures, operate primarily
in water, and may be external or internal (enclosed in a
chamber).
gills
68
___ are invaginated, convoluted structures and operate in
| air.
lungs
69
_____ is forced flow of environmental medium (water or
air) past the gas exchange membranes, in a tidal,
unidirectional, or nondirectional manner.
ventilation
70
Ventilation is categorized as active if an animal generates the flow using ____ ____.
metabolic energy
71
lungs are____ used for breathing air, and gills are ____ used for breathing water. Both typically have ____surfaces.
Invagination, evagination, convoluted
72
The oxygen utilization coefficient during breathing is the ____ of the O2 in ____ medium that an animal removes before ____ the medium.
percentage, inhaled, exhaling
73
The four major types of gas exchange that can occur during directional ventilation can be ranked in terms of their inherent ability to establish a high O2 partial pressure in blood exiting the breathing organ.
Countercurrent gas exchange ranks highest. Cross-current gas exchange ranks second. Cocurrent and tidal gas exchange rank third.
74
Because of the different capacitance coefficients of air and water, air breathers typically ___ the CO2 partial pressure in air they breathe to roughly the same extent as they ___ the O2 partial pressure.
Water breathers, however, do not elevate the CO2 partial pressure in water they breathe to any great extent. Air breathers consequently tend to have much ____ blood CO2 partial pressures than water breathers.
raise, lower, higher
75
Air is pumped into and out of a blind chamber, and gases
| diffuse across epithelia into or out of the blood by what type of ventilation?
Tidal ventilation
76
In _____ gas exchange, the partial pressure gradient
starts very high, and decreases to approach equilibrium between blood and air/water. Partial pressure of O2 in blood is lower than excurrent air/water.
concurrent
77
In_____ gas exchange, the partial pressure gradient remains the same and blood and air/water never reach
equilibrium. Partial pressure of O2 in blood is higher than excurrent air/water.
countercurrent
78
In ____ gas exchange, the partial pressure gradient remains the same, with no equilibrium between blood and air/water. Partial pressure of O2 in blood is higher than excurrent air/water, but not as high as in countercurrent.
cross-current
79
T/F: The gill surface area of most fish of a given body size is similar to the lung surface area of amphibians and nonavian reptiles of the same size. Compared with the latter groups, mammals and birds have much more lung surface area—helping to meet their far higher needs for gas exchange. The barrier between the blood and the air or water in the breathing organs is notably thin in mammals and thinnest in birds.
T
80
The skin can account for 25% or more of gas exchange in some ___ ___ __, and up to 100% in some ____. The skin is a minor contributor to gas exchange, however, in ___ ___.
fish, turtles, nonavian reptile,
amphibians
mammals and birds
81
The breathing muscles of vertebrates are skeletal muscles activated by motor nerve impulses. The breathing rhythm originates in a ____ ___ ___ in the _____.
central pattern generator , brainstem
82
The percentage of oxygen removed from a volume of
| environmental medium is the ____ ____ ___ , 100(CI-CE)/CI.
oxygen extraction coefficient
83
Countercurrent and cross-current gas exchange yield highest partial pressure of oxygen in blood, ____ than the exhaled medium
higher
84
Tidal and concurrent gas exchange yield partial pressures
| in the blood that are ____ than the exhaled medium
lower
85
Air breathers have much ___ blood CO2 levels than water breathers, partly because CO2 is so soluble in water.
higher
86
CO2 partial pressure of blood is much higher in land
| animals than aquatic animals. why?
CO2 is much more soluble than O2 in water. Animals can
| excrete CO2 more easily in water than in air.
87
Mammals and birds have ___ lung surface area than
| amphibians and reptiles, relative to body mass, yet the lungs are ____.
greater, smaller
88
T/F: Gill surface area in most fish is similar to lung surface area in reptiles and amphibians.
T
89
Birds and mammals (and tuna) have the ___ gas exchange membranes among vertebrates. Birds: 0.2 micrometers.
thinnest
90
Terrestrial vertebrates rely less on the skin for gas exchange than aquatic animals. Some salamanders have no lungs and rely exclusively on _____ gas exchange.
cutaneous
91
Breathing can be _____, as in frogs, or ____ as in mammals and birds.
intermittent, continuous,
92
Breathing is controlled by ___ ___ ___ in the brainstem.
central pattern generators (CPGs),
93
Gas exchange membrane thickness is nearly ___ across body sizes, but thinnest in ____ species, especially so in birds.
constant, active
94
The ____ lamellae are the principal sites of gas exchange in fish gills. _____ gas exchange occurs in the lamellae.
secondary, Countercurrent
95
Water flow across the gills is essentially ______. It is driven by a ____ ___ ____ and an _____ ____ pump that act in an integrated rhythm, so that the buccal pump drives water across the gills when the opercular pump is being emptied of water and the opercular pump sucks water across the gills while the buccal pump is being refilled with water.
unidirectional, buccal pressure pump, opercular suction
96
Some fish turn to ___ ventilation when swimming fast enough. Others, such as tunas, are ___ ram ventilators and must swim all the time to avoid suffocation.
ram, obligate
97
A ___ O2 partial pressure in the blood is a more potent stimulus for increased ventilation in fish than an ____ CO2 partial pressure.
lowered, elevated
98
Most of the 400 or so species of air-breathing fish have an air-breathing organ that is derived from the_____ ____,___ ___,___,____. —or one that originates as an outpocketing of the foregut (e.g., swim bladder).
buccal cavity, opercular cavity, stomach, or intestines
99
Larval fish rely on ____, until their circulatory system
| develops
diffusion
100
Gills membranes are supported on gill arches and contain??
vascularized gill filaments and secondary lamellae
101
Water flows into mouth and out gill slits, either by ___ or____
buccalopercular pumping or ram ventilation
102
Blood flows _____ to water flow across ____.
countercurrent , lamellae
103
Air breathing has evolved many times among fish, involving a variety of structures derived from the ___ ___ or ___.
buccal cavity or gut.
104
Lungs of tetrapods are homologous to the lungs of ____ and the ___ of other fish.
lungfish, swim bladders
105
Oxygen partial pressure in blood controls _____ ___
ventilation rate.
106
Water flows in ____..
| ...and ___ gill slits
in, out
107
____-____ pumping of water across gills in fish.
Buccal-opercular
108
Buccal chamber _____ water across gills, opercular chamber ____ water across gills.
pushes, pulls
109
T/F: Air-breathing is ancestral in lungfish and
| some species rely on it to survive.
T
110
Breathing in Amphibians
| Larvae breathe with ___ gills, which become covered in ____.
external, tadpoles
111
Breathing in Amphibians
Lungs develop in larval life as ____ sacs which are filled periodically in _____ breathing. Air is held in the lungs between breaths.
vascularized, intermittent
112
Breathing in Amphibians
Lungs are filled by a _____ pump, which forces air into the lungs under ____ pressure. Lung emptying is by passive recoil and some body wall muscular contraction.
buccopharyngeal, positive
113
Breathing in Amphibians
_____ gas exchange accounts for a large percentage of O2 and CO2 exchange in ____, and some adult ____. The skin is also used for most CO2 _____ in adults.
Cutaneous,larvae, salamanders, elimination
114
Breathing in Amphibians
| __, ___, and ___ may all be used simultaneously for gas exchange in aquatic amphibians.
Gills, lungs, skin
115
Lung ventilation in frogs:
1. Buccal cavity fills.
2. Air in lungs is exhaled.
3. Air is pumped from buccal cavity into lungs.
116
Breathing in Mammals
| Lungs are intricately divided into ____ and saclike ____
bronchii, alveoli.
117
Breathing in Mammals
| ____ are primary site of gas exchange, are __ mm in diameter, and number up to ___ million in an adult human.
Alveoli, 0.25, 300
118
Breathing in Mammals
The ___ ____ of air left in the lungs after forced expiration dilutes the incoming air of the next breath, ___ the partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli.
residual volume, lowering
119
Breathing in Mammals
| The diaphragm and intercostal muscles power ___ which is active. While ____ is passive, at rest.
inspiration, expiration
120
Breathing in Mammals
| Air is drawn into lungs via ____ under_____ pressure.
aspiration, negative
121
```
Breathing in Mammals
Ventilation rate (VT x f) is controlled by blood CO2 and H+, (but also by blood O2) which is sensed by ____ bodies and _____ bodies on arteries. Hyperventilation can cause “shallow water blackout.”
```
carotid, aortic
122
Breathing in Mammals
_____ ____ coats alveoli and prevents collapse by
reducing surface tension at small volume. Present in all vertebrate
lungs
Pulmonary surfactant
123
Airways in mammalian lungs branch up to ___ times from the ____ , ending in ____ ____ that contain many _____
23,trachea,alveolar sacs, alveoli
124
Air in alveoli is ___ and ___ in O2 than atmospheric air. Alveoli are small (0.25 mm) and numerous (300,000,000). Because air in alveoli is stationary,gases must ___ to the membrane
motionless, lower,diffuse
125
The residual volume of the lung ___ the partial pressure of O2 in lung.
lowers
126
Breathing in Birds
Fresh air is moved through ___ during both
inhalation and exhalation as air sacs ___ and___.
parabronchi , expand, contract
127
Breathing in Birds
Air sacs outside the lungs ___ air that has already been
through the parabronchi and ___ __ waiting to go through.
store , fresh air
128
Breathing in Birds
| Lungs are ___ and do not change ___.
rigid, volume
129
Breathing in Birds
Divergent lung morphology and function: _____
airflow through the respiratory _____.
unidirectional, parabronchi
130
Breathing in Birds
| Gas exchange is ____; blood flows at ___ to air flow.
crosscurrent, 90 deg
131
Breathing in Birds
| T/F: How air is directed along its elaborate path is not fully understood. There are no valves.
T
132
Breathing in Birds
| ____ and ___ flow are present in all birds.
Parabronchi and unidirectional
133
Breathing in Birds
| T/F: How the avian lung may be superior to mammalian lung is a subject of current controversy
t
134
```
Unidirectional flow in the avian lung.
1. Fresh air to PAS
and parabronchi,
used air to AAS.
2. Fresh air to
parabronchi,
PAS and AAS
deflate.
```
1. inhalation
| 2. exhalation
135
Each parabronchus is surrounded by ?
air and blood capillaries.
136
Air and blood flow _____ to one another.
crosscurrent
137
Breathing in invertebrates
| Small species rely on ___, and have no ____ ___
diffusion, circulatory system
138
Breathing in invertebrates
Gills are common in aquatic invertebrates, derived from
many structures like?
limbs, integument, feeding structures).
139
Breathing in invertebrates
| Echinoderm water vascular system exchanges gases with the ?
environment by diffusion
140
Breathing in invertebrates
____ house gills in the mantle cavity if aquatic, and use the ___ ____ as a lung if terrestrial. It is ventilated by ___ ___ or ____
Molluscs, mantle cavity, ciliary action or pumping
141
Breathing in invertebrates
Insects and some other arthropods breathe using a ____ system of air-filled tubes that serve every part of the body. Air can be pumped in and out of the trachea through ____.
tracheal, spiracles
142
The _____ _____ houses the gills in
aquatic molluscs and is often pumped to ventilate it.
In terrestrial molluscs, it is the ___
mantle cavity, lung
143
Insects breathe with elaborate system of airways,
____, that branch throughout the body. Flight muscle
cells have ____ that line the ____!
trachea, invagination, myofibrils
144
Air can be moved through the trachea by pumping ___ ___ that store air, or the ____ themselves.
air sacs, trachea
145
Air enters and leaves the tracheal system through a series of ___. Which can be opened to ____
ventilation, or closed to limit water loss.
spiracles, increase
