Chapter 25 Flashcards by Julissa Vargas

what has the greatest effect on the flow of liquid through a tube?

Radius of the tube

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In crustacean circulatory systems, deoxygenated blood from the tissues enters the heart via ?

ostia

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In a mammal, blood pressure is lowest in the ___.

veins

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The hearts of vertebrates are myogenic, meaning that

the impulse to contract originates within the muscle tissue.

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The QRS complex arises from

ventricular depolarization.

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Which vessels of the systemic vascular system have the highest total cross-sectional area?

Capillary beds

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In _______, there is no separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood at the heart.

a teleost fish

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Flow rate equals the difference in blood pressure between the entry of the vascular system and the exit vessels, divided by ____ _____.

vascular resistance

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The chambers of the teleost fish heart are what?

the sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and bulbus arteriosus.

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In the human heart, oxygenated blood is carried from the lungs to the heart by the ____.

pulmonary veins

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Among nonavian reptiles, crocodilians are unique because they have a ?

complete ventricular septum.

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Mean blood pressure in the brain of a standing person _______ the blood pressure at the heart.

lower than

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Cardiac output is directly proportional to

heart rate x stroke volume

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In which of the following vessels is there a lack of pressure pulse?

a. Large arteries, terminal arteries, and arterioles
b. Terminal arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and venules
c. Capillaries, venules, and veins
d. Venules and veins
e. Veins only

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In a fish that has an air-breathing organ, the blood leaving the ABO mixes with what??

w/ systemic venous blood.

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Which of the following statements comparing the circulatory systems in mammals and birds is true?

a. Birds have far smaller hearts per gram.
b. Mammals have, on average, higher systolic blood pressures.
c. Birds have a smaller cross-sectional area of capillaries per gram.
d. Mammals have a higher pressure systemic circuit.
e. Birds and mammals have essentially identical circulatory systems.

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When a mammal exercises, oxygen delivery is increased by ???

an increased blood flow.
the extraction of more O2 per unit volume of blood that circulates.
a lowering of resistance in the systemic vasculature.

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Which of the following statements about squid is false?

a. Their systemic heart receives largely deoxygenated blood.
b. They have a systemic heart and two branchial hearts.
c. Their systemic heart is myogenic.
d. Blood enters the systemic heart from the gills.
e. Branchial hearts pump blood through the gills.

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Which of the following statements about the insect circulatory system is true?

a. Insects have an open circulatory system and solely a diffusion-based system for delivering O2.
b. Insects have a closed circulatory system and a tracheal system for delivering O2.
c. Insects have an open circulatory system and a tracheal system for delivering O2.
d. Insects have an open circulatory system and a derived lung for delivering O2.
e. Insects have a closed circulatory system and solely a diffusion-based system for delivering O2.

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Excessive protein in the blood plasma will _______ the loss of fluid through the capillaries.

decrease

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what is a pressure driven mass flow of fluid that rapidly
transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes,
hormones, immune agents, heat and other commodities
throughout the body and that often provides a source
of hydraulic pressure for organ function.

circulatory system

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A discrete, localized pumping structure, present in most animals with circulatory systems

Heart

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Heart: Chambers surrounded by _____ (heart muscle) pump blood by alternating contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole). Valves between chambers respond to _____.

myocardium, pressures

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Blood flow through the heart is ____ ____ (mL/min) = heart rate (beats/min) x stroke volume (mL/beat)

cardiac output

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Myocardium is supplied with O2 via _____ ____ if | myocardium is _____, or by luminal blood if it is ____.

coronary circulation, compact, spongy

``` _____ _____ may originate in pacemaker cells that are muscle cells (myogenic) or neurons (neurogenic), and moves through the heart in a controlled manner by ____ ```

Myocardial depolarization, conduction

Control of heart rate and stroke volume can be ___, _____, _____ (Frank-Starling relation matching stretch to output)

nervous, hormonal,intrinsic

_____ is compact. Arteries carry blood ___from heart, veins carry blood ____ the heart.

compact, away, towards

blood in the pulmonary artery is _____

deoxygenated

Blood flow through the heart and the positions of | valves are determined by ?

relative pressures in the chambers

Blood generally flows from high to low pressure, but also has momentum if it is moving.

momentum

The A-V(atrioventricular node) valve opens when atrial pressure ____ ventricular pressure.

exceeds

The ____ valve opens when ventricular pressure | exceeds aortic pressure.

aortic

Isovolumetric contraction and relaxation are changes in _____ ____ without changes in chamber volume, and serve to build pressure in the ventricle.

myocardial tension

How does the heart muscle get its oxygen? who has both and what does octopus have ?

by coronary circulation (compact) or heart lumen (spongy myocardium).... some fishes have both while octopus have coronary circulation.

Muscle cells of the heart must ____ and generate | _____ to contract and pump blood.

depolarize, AP

Depolarization originates from _____ cells that can be either neurons or modified muscle cells, in either ____ or ____ depolarization..

pacemaker, neurogenic, myogenic

Vertebrates have _____ depolarization, while invertebrates often have _____ depolarization (crustaceans and mollusks).

myogenic, neurogenic

Depolarization of the chambers must be coordinated and controlled in order to ____ ____ effectively, and occurs along specialized pathways, ___ systems, either neural or muscular.

pump blood, conducting

``` Among vertebrates (e.g. humans) the ___ system is specialized muscle cells. ```

conduction

The _____ is the pacemaker, with a fast endogenous rhythm that entrains the other muscle cells

SA node

The ___depolarize first, spreading excitation | to the A-V node

atria

the ____ has delayed excitation, allowing atria | to contract first.

A-V node

Depolarization spreads through the | myocardium by ?

electrical synpases.

Atria are already ____ when A-V depolarizes

repolarizing

Fiber bundles conduct ____ from ____ node to all | parts of ventricles rapidly.

depolarization, A-V

Crustaceans such as the lobster have _____ | depolarization, in a cardiac ganglion of 9 cells.

neurogenic

One of neurons 6-9 acts as a ____ ___ and ____, and excites remaining neurons and muscle cells of the heart. Each muscle cell is ____.

cellular oscillator, CPG, innervated

Heart creates fluctuations in blood pressure, from ___ | pressure (___ pressure) to ____ (____ pressure).

high,systolic, low,diastolic

Pressure gradients, kinetic energy, and gravitational potential energy all determine the ____ and ____ of blood flow

velocity and direction

Flow through a vessel is proportional to the difference in | pressure between the ends, and inversely proportional to the ____ _____

vascular resistance.

Vascular resistance _____ with increasing vessel length and with decreasing vessel radius to the ____ power. Flow is highly sensitive to changes in vessel radius.

increases, fourth

As blood moves through vessels, the ___ of blood | (resistance to flow) causes a loss of pressure as kinetic energy is converted to heat. Pumping blood is costly

viscosity

Gravity effects blood pressure by _____ effects.

fluid-column

Pressure of blood is ____ in proportion to the height of the blood in a column ____ it. This effect determines what?

increased, above, | how high a heart can pump blood.

Flow rate = (Pin - Pout)(π/8)(1/η)(r4/l) Flow rate is much more sensitive to changes in vessel ___ than vessel ___

radius, length

Circulation in Birds and Mammals: | Closed circulatory system, with vascular _____ cells lining all blood vessels.

endothelial

Circulation in Birds and Mammals: Systemic and pulmonary circuits are connected in ___. Systemic circuit is ___ pressure, pulmonary is __ pressure.

series, high, low

Circulation in Birds and Mammals: ____ dampen and reserve pressure generated by heart, and transport blood long distances from the heart. They are equipped with elastic walls with ___ muscle.

Arteries, smooth

Circulation in Birds and Mammals: Arterioles are tiny arteries that ____ blood flow, by ___ control, to microcirculatory beds with densely distributed capillaries, where most gas exchange occurs.

control,vasomotor

Circulation in Birds and Mammals: | Velocity and pressure drop in beds, due to what? Velocity picks up again in ___.

large total cross sectional area, veins

Circulation in Birds and Mammals: Fluid is lost from systemic capillaries by _____, but lower pressures prevent this in the pulmonary system

ultrafiltration

In birds and mammals, the heart is completely divided and the systemic and pulmonary circulations are in ___ with one another.

series,

Blood is delivered to cells in ?

microcirculatory beds

The beds consist of ____, ___ and ___ | Flow is controlled in ___. Gas exchange occurs mainly in ___

artierioles, capillaries, and venules. | arterioles, capillaries

Microcirculatory beds have a huge collective _____ area, so blood velocity drops, _____ gas exchange at the cells.

cross sectional, increasing

Pressure fluctuations (i.e. pulse) are damped in the _____

aterioles

Blood pressure drops in _____ and continues to | fall until blood reaches the ____.

terminal arteries, vein

Skeletal muscles and valves in veins help return | blood to ___

heart

One important consequence of a high pressure | circulatory system is ____

ultrafiltration

Fluid is forced out the ____ into the _____.This would be disastrous in the ____.

capillaries, tissues, lungs

Bird and mammal hearts have compact myocardia with coronary vessels providing ___.

oxygen

The heart has four chambers, with separated left and right | sides that pump blood through two systems in series: the high-pressure _____ system and the low pressure _____ system

systemic, pulmonary

Circulation in Fish | The heart has ___chambers in series.

four

Circulation in Fish The heart pumps blood through the ___ and then the systemic circulation in series in most fish, thus blood passes through ___ capillary beds before returning to the heart.

gills, two

Circulation in Fish T/F:When present, air breathing organs in fish are typically situated in parallel with the systemic circuit (unlike birds and mammals), and supplies the heart muscle with oxygenated blood (spongy myocardium).

Circulation in Fish ___ are an adaptation for myocardial oxygenation (new view - Farmer) rather than aquatic hypoxia (traditional view).

Lungs

Circulation in Fish ____ can keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mostly separated and control how much blood goes to lungs, coordinating pulmonary blood flow with breathing bouts.

Lungfish

The heart receives _____ blood

deoxygenated

Air breathing organs (i.e. lungs) provide oxygen to ?

myocardium

Fish heart must pump blood through two | ____, ____ and ___

capillary beds, branchial, system

Respiratory and systemic beds are in ____, | as in birds and mammals.

series

Cephalopod molluscs and some annelids have ____ | circulatory systems

closed

Cephalapods have the same in series circulation of ____ and _____ structures as birds and mammals, and a heart for each (anatomically distinct hearts in cephalopods).

respiratory, systemic

In open circulatory systems, such as those of crustaceans, | blood travels through ____, _____ and ____ which are spaces between cells that lack epithelial lining.

lacunae, lacunar networks, sinuses

Blood vessels and capillaries are present in some parts of the body in some species with ___ circulatory systems

open

In open systems, blood flow rate can be high, due to ______ compared to closed systems.

low resistance

In some crustaceans with open circulation, ___ delivery is | comparable to that of fish of the same size.

___ circulation is similar to birds and mammals.

Cephalopod

The left and right hearts or birds and mammals are analogous to ____ and _____ hearts

systemic, branchial

In open systems, blood empties into ____ or ____ between cells.

lacunae, sinuses

Insects meet their gas exchange demands with the air-filled _____ system, and hence have modest circulatory systems.

tracheal

In many species, the ___ aorta is the only blood vessel, and it empties into the lacunae.

dorsal

myogenic and neurgenic, spongy and | compact.

heart

Circulation in vertebrates • Mammals and birds • Fishes • Amphibians and Reptiles

in series, left and right sides evolution of lungs, spongy myocardium parallel circulation

Circulation in invertebrates • Closed circulatory systems • Open circulatory systems

cephalopod molluscs | crustaceans and others

Arteries carry blood __________ the heart, while veins carry blood __________ the heart.

away, towards

T/F: A cephalopod, such as a squid, has an open circulatory system, like all invertebrates. if not why?

F, Cephalopods and some annelids have closed circulatory systems. Not all invertebrates have open systems.

In humans oxygenated blood from the lungs flows directly where?

To the heart and enters the left Atrium

The volume of blood pumped per unit of time is known as the

cardiac output

In the ECG the QRS complex is produced by the

depolarization of the myocardium of the two ventricles

The highest peak in the Electrocardiogram is produced during which phase?

When blood flows through the blood vessel it can best be described as behaving how?

The blood flows in concentric layers known as laminae and is the greatest near the center of the vessels

In fish which chamber of the heart is the source of the main blood propulsive force?

ventricle

A fish living in an environment where ions are easily obtained from the water (hard water) will have a __________ density of chloride cells than a fish living in water where ions are more difficult to obtain (soft water).

lower Fish will develop a greater density of chloride cells when ions are more difficult to obtain from their environment.

Hyperosmotic urine has a U/P ratio __________, while hyposmotic urine has a U/P ratio __________. Isosmotic urine has a U/P ratio __________.

greater than 1... less than 1... equal to 1

T/F: Inorganic ions are mostly used to regulate cell volume, instead of organic molecules.

F; Organic molecules regulate cell volume

An organism which regulates its blood plasma while hyperosmotic to its environment as well as regulating when hyposmotic is called a

hyper-hyposmotic regulator

T/F: Both mammals and amphibians can reclaim water that is stored in the bladder.

F; Amphibians can reclaim water from the bladder, but mammals can not. In mammals, once the solution has left the kidneys and traveled to the bladder, it is lost to the system.

Evaporative water loss (EWL) is __________ for smaller land dwelling animals than larger ones. One way animals can reduce EWL is __________.

more of a concern...cooling exhaled air

An organism which regulates its blood plasma while hyperosmotic to its environment, but conforms when hyposmotic is called a.

hyper-isosmotic regulator

Most fish are __________ to a marine environment, while most invertebrates are __________ to a marine environment.

hyposmotic...isosmotic

________________ refers to survival while dried as fully as possible by desiccation of air or "remaining alive without water".

anhydrobiosis

The heart of vertebrate regulates blood flow rate by changing ____(ml/beats) and ____(beats/min).

stroke volume and pumping rate

The valves of the heart are controlled by?

pressure differences

Arteries carry the ____ blood and veins carry ____

deoxygenated, oxygenated

How does the heart muscle of mammals obtain oxygen?

coronary circulation( not true for all vertebrates)

Heart pacemakers cells are often myocytes among vertes and neurons among invertebrate

myocytes, neruons

Membrane depolarization spreads throughout the vertebrate heart via ?

gap junction(electrical synapses)

Advantage of open circulatory system?

faster flow rate

Which invertebrates have closed circulatory systems?

cephalopod and mollusc

The systemic heart of cephalopods is functionally analogous to the ______ of birds and mammals.

left heart