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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Chapter 17&18 > Flashcards

Chapter 17&18 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Autocrine chemical messengers

A

target self or similar cells

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2
Q

Paracrine chemical messengers

A

affect other cell types

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3
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

produced by neurons and secreted into extracellular spaces

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4
Q

Hormones acts where

A

target tissue elsewhere in the body

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5
Q

All hormones bind to what

A

a receptor cell

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6
Q

Neurohormones

A

produced by neurons but act as hormones

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7
Q

Whats the speed response for the nervous system

A

instant/milisecond

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8
Q

Whats the speed response for the endocrine system

A

delayed/seconds

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9
Q

Whats the duration of a nervous system response

A

seconds

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10
Q

Whats the duration of an endocrine system response

A

minutes days

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11
Q

Are most hormones amplitude or frequency

A

amplitude

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12
Q

Half life

A

the length of time it takes for a half dose of substance to be eliminated from the circulatory system

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13
Q

Long half life

A

lipid soluble/ travels in plasma attached to protein

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14
Q

Short Half life

A

water soluble/ have rapid onset and short duration

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15
Q

Conjugation

A

the process when these proteins hook onto the fat soluble and help secrete the

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16
Q

Chronic Hormone regulation

A

relatively constant concentration

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17
Q

Acute hormone regulation

A

in response to stress for example fight or flight response

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18
Q

Episodic (Cyclic)

A

sleep patterns, womans monthly cycles

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19
Q

Neural method of hormonal secretion

A

neural control of endocrine gland

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20
Q

Hormonal method of hormonal secretion

A

control of secretory activity of one endocrine gland by hormone or neurohormone secreted by another endocrine gland

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21
Q

Heumoral method of hormonal secretion

A

the action of a substance other than a hormone on an endocrine gland

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22
Q

When calcium is to low what is secreted

A

PTH

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23
Q

Hormonal Stimuli

A

when a hormone turns another hormone on or off

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24
Q

Almost all hormones are a ____ feedback system

A

negative

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25
Example of positive feedback system
childbirth, blood coagulation
26
Binding site
receptor
27
Down regulation can cause what
some forms of diabetes
28
Hormone receptor molecules can be what
increased, decreased, or chemically altered
29
Up Regulation
increase sensitivity to that hormone
30
Where are most lipid based receptors found
nucleus of the target cell
31
Lipid soluble
pass through the plasma membrane and induces mRNA synthesis
32
Can water soluble protein dissolve through a capillary wall
NO
33
Where are the receptors for water soluble proteins found
membrane of the target cell
34
G protein is a _____
regulated protein
35
``` Place these in the correct order A) when alpha sub unit is removed it alters cell activity B) G protein hooks to receptor C) G protein separates from receptor D) alpha sub unit separates E) GTP replaces GDP ```
``` B) G protein hooks to receptor E) GTP replaces GDP C) G protein separates from receptor D) alpha sub unit separates A) when alpha sub unit is removed it alters cell activity ```
36
Insulin receptors bound to insulin cause what
phosphorylation of proteins and cell responds to presence of insulin which allows glucose to enter the cell
37
Cascade effect
when you start with a few intracellular mediator molecules activate several enzymes
38
Master gland
pituitary gland
39
Hypothalamus regulates what
secretion of anterior pituitary gland
40
The posterior pituitary is an extension of what
Hypothalamus
41
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis)
extension of the nervous system
42
Anterior Pituitary (adenohypophysis)
consists of three areas with indistinct boundaries: pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis
43
Neurons from the hypothalamus pass through this
hypothalamohypophysial portal
44
Neurons pass through the what
hypothalamohypophysial tract
45
ADH (anti diuretic hormone) does what
conserves water
46
Where is ADH made and stored
made in hypothalamus stored in posterior pituitary
47
Osmolality
amount of solutes in the blood or plasma
48
Increase Osmolality causes an increase in what hormone
ADH
49
Oxytocin causes what
increase uterine contraction and milk release from the breast
50
Mechanical stimulation of the nipple of the breast causes oxytocin to do what
release milk
51
Beta endorphins
same effect as opiet drugs
52
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
stored in anterior pituitary for the development of eggs and sperm
53
Growth Hormone (GH)
stimulates uptake of amino acids, protein synthesis, and promotes bone and cartilage growth
54
Lack of growth hormone causes what
dwarfism
55
Endorphins also act as what
an analgesic
56
Lipotropins cause what
adipose cells to catabolize fat
57
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) & Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) regulate what
production of gametes (sperm and eggs)
58
What hormone in males in major for sperm production and secondary sex characteristics
testosterone
59
Prolactin plays a role in
milk production
60
Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
neurohormone that stimulates prolactin
61
proopiomelanocortin (POMC) produces what
adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
62
What hormone targets follicles in ovaries in females
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
63
T4 is also known as
tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine
64
T4 binds with what
intracellular receptor molecules in the nucleus
65
Parathyroid gland
increases blood calcium levels
66
Medulla is part of what nervous system
parasympathetic
67
What are the three zones of the Cortex
zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis
68
Androgens
are in the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex and stimulate pubic and axilary hair growth and sexual drive in females
69
Pancreas is both what
endocrine and exocrine
70
Islets of langerhans is also know as what
pancreatic islets
71
What makes both insulin and glucagon
pancreas
72
When you release insulin your skeletal muscles what
glucose and amino acids
73
Glucagon
targets primarily liver, increases breakdown of glycogen release of glucose into circulatory system
74
Hyperglycemia
to much sugar
75
Hypoglycemia
to little sugar
76
Insulin shock
to much insulin
77
When glucagon is released
it increases fat breakdown and ketone production
78
Relaxin
increases the flexibility of connective tissue in the pelvic area especially the symphesis pubis also secreted by ovaries and placenta

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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